Prevalence & Correlates of Mental Health Problems among Awaiting Trial Inmates in a Prison Facility in Ibadan, Nigeria

Introduction

Prevalence of mental health problems are frequently higher within the prison populations than the general population. Previous studies of prison mental health had focused on convict populations whereas, the awaiting trial segment of the prison population in Nigeria has gradually become the majority of the total lock-up. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of mental health problems among the awaiting trial inmates in a prison facility in Ibadan.

Methods

A cross sectional study design was employed to interview 725 awaiting trial inmates of Agodi Prison, Ibadan, Nigeria. A two phase procedure was utilized with initial screening using a socio-demographic questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ −12); followed by a second phase with all high scorers on the GHQ −12 and 10% of the low scorers using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI).

Results

A total of 394 respondents participated in the second phase of the study with a mean age of 31.1 years (SD = 8.7), with ages ranging from 18 – 70 years. The mean duration of incarceration at Agodi was 1.1 years (SD = 1.47), with a range of 1 week to 10 years. The prevalence of mental illness was 56.6% with the commonest conditions being depression (20.8%), alcohol dependence (20.6%), substance dependence (20.1%), suicidality (19.8%) and antisocial personality disorder (18%).

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders among awaiting trial inmates but this does not appear to be significantly different from that of convict populations.

Table 2

Prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders among the awaiting trial inmates

Diagnosis	Frequency	% (n=394)
Depression	82	20.8
Alcohol dependence	81	20.6
Substance dependence	79	20.1
Suicidality	78	19.8
Antisocial PD	71	18.0
Alcohol abuse	41	10.4
Panic (total)	33	8.3
Current with agoraphobia	21	5.3
Panic without agoraphobia	6	1.5
Agoraphobia without panic	6	1.5
Social phobia (total)	31	7.9
Current, generalized	22	5.6
Current, not generalized	9	2.3
OCD	22	5.6
Medical/Organic	19	4.8
PTSD	13	3.3
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	11	2.8
Psychosis	4	1.1
Anorexia	0	0.0
Bulimia	0	0.0
Overall prevalence of mental illness	223	56.6

Table 3

Association between diagnosis of mental illness and variables

Variable	% with depression	N	P value
Age(years)
18–24	56.6	83	0.722
25–29	58.7	109
30–34	59.3	91
35+	52.3	111
Level of education
None	61.5	39	0.818
Primary	55.3	161
Secondary	55.4	148
Tertiary	60.9	46
Religion
Islam	54.7	179	0.465
Christianity	58.4	214
Employment status
Employed	57.2	353	0.463
Unemployed	51.2	41
Average monthly income
None	53.4	58	0.421
Less than 20000	53.0	132
20000 – 50000	56.8	118
50000+	64.0	86
Marital status
Single	58.3	163	0.769
Married	55.8	215
Separated/divorce/late	50.0	16
Time spent in Agodi prison
Less than 6 months	54.9	164	0.331
6–12ths	64.4	73
More than 1 year	54.8	157
Position in cell
Yes	64.6	65	0.154
No	55.0	329
Number of previous arrests
None	54.8	330	0.112
1	59.5	42
2+	77.3	22
Frequency of visits from outside the prison
Daily/Weekly	43.1	102	0.006
Less frequent than weekly	60.9	169
Never	61.8	123

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/PHi7bW

By:   JO Abdulmalik,1 BO Adedokun,2 and OO Baiyewu1

¹Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

2

2

²Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

   

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Prevalence of Previously Undetected Tuberculosis & Underlying Risk Factors for Transmission in a Prison Setting in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria

People with congregational tendencies such as the prison inmates constitute an important target group in the global efforts towards the control of tuberculosis (TB). The prison setting in most developing countries particularly Nigeria, currently does not have routine diagnostic procedures for TB despite the existing risks that could facilitate disease transmission.

We conducted a cross sectional study among the inmates in a major prison in south-western Nigeria for TB by screening their sputum samples using a simple random sampling method coupled with questionnaire interview, on the assumption of sub-clinical pulmonary TB infection. The overall TB prevalence found was 1.2% (2/164). Significant risk factors that could facilitate disease transmission in the prison included lack of BCG immunization (p = 0.017); history of contact with TB patients (p = 0.020); prolonged cough (p = 0.016) and drug abuse (p = 0.019). Our findings of 1.2% undetected pulmonary TB infection among the inmates though low; still reiterate previous observation that the prison setting constitutes a veritable environment for TB transmission and a threat to public health. Efforts are therefore needed to institute routine screening and reduce the risk factors associated with TB transmission among prison inmates in Nigeria.

Table 1

Socio-demographic data of the prison inmates screened for tuberculosis in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria

Variable	Category	Frequency(n)	Percentage (%)
Sex	Male	153	93.3
	Female	11	6.7
Age group (years)	16-20	12	7.3
	21-30	87	53.1
	31-40	42	25.6
	≥41	23	14.0
Occupation	Artisans	119	72.6
	Professional	2	1.2
	Livestock worker	9	5.5
	Civil servant	6	3.7
	Others	28	17.0
Duration in prison	<3 months	59	36.0
	> 3 months	105	64.0
History of previous prolonged cough	None	111	67.7
	Yes	53	32.3
History of sputum screening at entry	None	132	80.5
	Yes	32	19.5
History of previous TB screening	None	131	79.9
	Yes	31	20.1
History of BCG immunization	None	44	26.8
	Yes	120	73.2
History of contact with TB patient	None	86	52.4
	Yes	78	47.6
History of cellmate with history of prolonged cough	None	68	41.5
	Yes	96	58.5
Presence of cough	None	136	82.9
	Yes	28	17.1
History of drug abuse	None	71	43.3
	Yes	93	56.7

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/dlXy1I

By:   HK Adesokan,1 EO Cadmus,2 WB Adeyemi,3 O. Lawal,3 C.O. Ogunlade,4 E. Osman,5 OD Olaleye,6 and SIB Cadmus1,*

¹Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Preventive Medicine and Primary Care, University of Ibadan, Ibadan

³Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Unit, Oyo State Ministry of Health, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan

⁵Damien Foundation Belgium in Nigeria

⁶Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

^*Corresponding Author: Cadmus, S.I.B. Postal address: PMB 001, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: moc.liamg@5cnoemis Phone: +234 80 237 510 93

  

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Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Male Civil Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background

Intimate Partner violence (IPV) is one of the common forms of violence against women and is a global public health problem that transcends social, economic, religious and cultural groups. It is often perceived as a private problem or a normal part of life but it contributes greatly to morbidity and mortality.

Objective

To assess the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence by male civil servants in Oyo State Secretariat Ibadan, Nigeria.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multi-stage sampling technique. A total of 609 respondents completed a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 18 and STATA version 12. Chi-square statistic was used to test associations between categorical variables and predictors of perpetration of intimate partner violence were determined using logistic regression model at a level of statistical significance of 5%.

Result

The mean age was 38.8±9.9 years and about 74.5% were married. The prevalence of IPV perpetration in the 12 months preceding the study was 66.0%. The prevalence of controlling behaviour was 52.2%, psychological abuse − 31.2%, sexual violence − 23.0%, and physical violence − 11.7%. The predictors of perpetrating any form of IPV included previous history of physical fight with another woman [OR: 2.4 (95% CI: 1.30–3.40)], having a negative attitude towards wife beating [OR 2.5 [95% CI: 1.85–3.42], childhood exposure to parental IPV [OR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.30–3.41)] and use of alcohol [OR: 1.6 (95% CI: 1.14–2.15].

Conclusion

The different types of IPV were prevalent among the male civil servants, despite their educational status. Strategies to stop IPV should include male education to change attitudes that encourage violence in relationships to use of non-violent conflict resolution strategies. Education should also include the dangers of alcohol abuse and involvement in physical fights.

Below:  Prevalence of different forms of intimate partner violence perpetrated in the last 12 months of the study

Below:  Overall Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrated 12 months before the study

Below:  Reasons for which wife beating was justified among the respondents with negative attitudes towards wife beating

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/35EXAG

By:   A. A. Adejimi,1 O. I. Fawole,2 O. O. Sekoni,1 and D. N. Kyriacou3

¹Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

³Department of Emergency Medicine, North Western University, Chicago

Corresponding author: Dr Adebola Afolake Adejimi, Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, P.M.B 5116, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Email: moc.oohay@imijedaalobeda Tel.: +2348033894761

 

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Patterns of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Patients Presenting in Special Treatment Clinic in Ibadan South Western Nigeria

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are often transferred from one person to another during sexual activity. In developing countries, an increase in the incidence of STIs is attributed to increasing urbanization, modernization, travel, education and exposure to Western media which has led to increased sexual activity, especially among young people.

This is a retrospective study carried out in the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. The records of a total of 506 patients who attended the clinic between Jan 2010-Dec 2011 were retrieved. The records of the patients’ complaints were taken. Detailed demographic data and history of genital symptoms was taken.

The records of 506 patients were used 43.7% (221) were males and 56.3% (285) were females. The patient's age ranged from one to eighty, the 1-10 age groups and the 71-80 ages were the least represented age group. Age, sex, level of education, presenting complaints, presence of yeast cells, VDRL positivity were variables that were looked at. Of these only sex and occupation were risk factors for transmission of STI.

Good clinical care for patients with STIs should extend beyond therapy and include help to avoid future infections. Control activities should focus on the primary prevention of infection through safer sexual practices. Strategies for improving secondary prevention (health care-seeking behavior and case management) should include identification of people at risk and targeting them for intervention.

Table 4

Relationship between occupation and diagnosis

Occupation	Genital Ulcer Disease	Genital Warts	Gonorrhea	Non Gonococcal urethritis	Bacterial vaginosis	Candidiasis	Pelvic Inflammatory disease	Tinea
Student	11(18%)	27(36%)	7(41.2%)	8(34.8%)	6(33.3%)	29(31.5%)	10(30%)	2(16.7%)
Corpers	3(18%)	5(6.7%)	(0%)	3(13%)	0(0%)	2(2.2%)	0(0%)	0(0%)
Self employed	21(34.4%)	18(24%)	5(29.4%)	7(30.4%)	5(27.8%)	32(34.8%)	11(33.3%)	6(50%)
Commercial sex workers	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	1(5.6%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)
Unemployed	8(13.1%)	13(17.3%)	2(11.8%)	0(0%)	2(11.1%)	7(11.1%)	3(9.1%)	2(8.3%)
Civil servant	15(24.6%)	12(16%)	2(11.8%)	4(17.4%)	4(22.2%)	22(23.9%)	9(27.3%)	1(8.3%)
Drivers	1(1.6%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	1(4.3%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	1(8.3%)

X = 0.017. The above is a frequency table showing the relationship between occupation and diagnosis

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/aXCxQv

By: Victor Ugochukwu Nwadike,1,& Olawale Olusanya,2 Gloria Chinenye Anaedobe,3 Iche Kalu,4 and Kingsley Chiedozie Ojide5

¹Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

²Medical Microbiology, Pathcare Nigeria, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria

³Special Treatment Clinic, Department of Medical Microbiology, University College Hospital Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia State

⁵Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

^&Corresponding author: Victor Ugochukwu Nwadike, Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

  

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