Transgressive women don't deserve protection: Young men's narratives of sexual violence against women in rural Papua New Guinea

Sexual violence against women and girls is commonplace in Papua New Guinea (PNG). While the experiences of women are rightly given central place in institutional responses to sexual violence, the men who perpetrate violence are often overlooked, an oversight that undermines the effectiveness of prevention efforts. 

This paper draws on interviews conducted with young men as part of a qualitative longitudinal study of masculinity and male sexuality in a rural highland area of PNG. It explores one aspect of male sexuality: men's narratives of sexual violence. Most striking from the data is that the collective enactment of sexual violence against women and girls is reported as an everyday and accepted practice amongst young men. However, not all women and girls were described as equally at risk, with those who transgress gender roles and roles inscribed and reinforced by patriarchal structures, at greater risk. 

To address this situation, efforts to reduce sexual violence against women and girls require an increased focus on male-centred intervention to critically engage with the forms of patriarchal authority that give license to sexual violence. Understanding the perceptions and experiences of men as perpetrators of sexual violence is a critical first step in the process of changing normative perceptions of gender, a task crucial to reducing sexual violence in countries such as PNG.

Purchase full article at:  http://goo.gl/nVL2Zu

By:  Kelly-Hanku A1,2, Aeno H1, Wilson L3, Eves R4, Mek A1, Nake Trumb R1, Whittaker M5, Fitzgerald L5, Kaldor JM1, Vallely A2.

• 1 Sexual and Reproductive and Maternal Health Unit , Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research , Goroka , Papua New Guinea.
• 2 Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia , Sydney , Australia.
• 3 School of Political Science and International Studies , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia.
• 4 State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program , Australian National University , Canberra , Australia.
• 5 School of Public Health , University of Queensland , Herston , Australia.
• Cult Health Sex. 2016 Jun 2:1-14. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Factors Influencing the Uptake of Voluntary HIV Counseling & Testing in Rural Ethiopia

Background

Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) has been one of the key policy responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ethiopia. However, the utilization of VCT has been low in the rural areas of the country. Understanding factors influencing the utilization of VCT provides information for the design of context based appropriate strategies that aim to improve utilization. This study examined the effects of socio-demographic and behavioral factors, and health service characteristics on the uptake of VCT among rural adults in Ethiopian.

Methods/design

This study was designed as a cross sectional study. Data from 11,919 adults (6278 women aged 15–49 years and 5641 men aged 15–59 years) residing in rural areas of Ethiopia who participated in a national health extension program evaluation were used for this study. The participants were selected from ten administrative regions using stratified multi-stage cluster sampling. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed accounting for factors associated with the use of VCT service.

Results

Overall, men (28 %) were relatively more likely to get tested for HIV than women (23.7 %) through VCT. Rural men and women who were young and better educated, who perceived having small risk of HIV infection, who had comprehensive knowledge, no stigmatization attitude and discussed about HIV/AIDS with their partner, and model-family were more likely to undergone VCT. Regional state was also strongly associated with VCT utilization in both men and women. Rural women who belonged to households with higher socio-economic status, non-farming occupation, female-headed household and located near health facility, and who visited health extension workers and participated in community conversation were more likely to use VCT. Among men, agrarian lifestyle was associated with VCT use.

Conclusions

Utilization of VCT in the rural communities is low, and socio-economic, behavioral and health service factors influence its utilization. For increasing the utilization of VCT service in rural areas, there is a need to target the less educated, women, poor and farming families with a focus on improving knowledge and reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma. Strategy should include promoting partner and community conversations, accelerating model-family training, and using alternative modes of testing.

Background characteristics of study population by gender, rural Ethiopia, 2010

		Total		Women		Men
Variables		N	%	N	%	N	%
Socio-demographic variables
Overall		11,919		6278	52.7	5641	47.3
Age group, year
	15–19	1342	11.3	770	12.3	572	10.1
	20–24	1785	15.0	1123	17.9	662	11.7
	25–29	2196	18.4	1357	21.6	839	14.9
	30–39	3635	30.5	1921	30.6	1714	30.4
	40+	2961	24.8	1107	17.6	1854	32.9
Marital status
	Married	9400	78.9	4973	79.3	4427	78.5
	Never married	1860	15.6	758	12.1	1102	19.6
	Divorced/Widowed	651	5.5	542	8.6	109	1.9
Educational level
	Never attended/<1 year	6934	58.2	4386	70.9	2548	47.1
	Primary	2835	23.8	1183	19.1	1652	30.5
	Secondary or higher	1832	15.4	619	10.0	1213	22.4
Gender of household head
	Female	1794	15.1	1233	19.7	561	10.0
	Male	10,113	84.8	5041	80.4	5072	90.0
Occupation of household head
	Farmer	10,688	89.7	5599	90.3	5089	91.3
	Gov't employee/merchant	569	4.8	314	5.1	255	4.6
	Other	519	4.4	291	4.7	228	4.1
Religion
	Orthodox	4749	39.8	2493	39.8	2256	40.1
	Islam	4122	34.6	2170	34.6	1952	34.7
	Protestant	2527	21.2	1331	21.3	1196	21.3
	Other	494	4.1	270	4.3	224	4.0
Socio-economic status index
	Low	2084	17.5	1123	17.9	961	17.1
	Low-middle	4192	35.2	2233	35.6	1959	34.8
	Middle	3586	30.1	1863	29.7	1723	30.6
	High-middle	1720	14.4	884	14.1	836	14.8
	High	329	2.8	170	2.7	159	2.8
Settlement pattern
	Pastoral/agro-pastoral	1724	14.5	909	14.5	815	14.5
	Agrarian	10,195	85.5	5369	85.5	4826	85.6
Region
	Tigray	1152	9.7	622	9.9	530	9.4
	Afar	358	3.0	191	3.0	167	3.0
	Amhara	2677	22.5	1409	22.4	1268	22.5
	Oromia	2852	23.9	1461	23.3	1391	24.7
	Benshangul-Gumuz	644	5.4	330	5.3	314	5.6
	SNNP	2063	17.3	1052	16.8	1011	17.9
	Gambela	1128	9.5	649	10.3	479	8.5
	Dire Dawa	137	1.1	83	1.3	54	1.0
	Harari	170	1.4	93	1.5	77	1.4
	Somali	738	6.2	388	6.2	350	6.2
Behavioral variables
Risk partner in past 12 months
	No	11,694	98.1	6177	98.4	5517	97.8
	Yes	225	1.9	101	1.6	124	2.2
Self-perceived risk of HIV
	No risk	7128	59.8	3581	57.0	3547	62.9
	Small risk	1183	9.9	573	9.1	610	10.8
	Moderate/great risk	708	5.9	360	5.7	348	6.2
	Don’t know	2900	24.3	1764	28.1	1136	20.1
Believes HIV/AIDS is fatal
	No	2113	17.7	1336	21.3	777	13.8
	Yes	9806	82.3	4942	78.7	4864	86.2
Believes HIV/AIDS can be cured
	No	10,321	86.6	5458	86.9	4863	86.2
	Yes	1598	13.4	820	13.1	778	13.8
HIV/AIDS knowledge index
	None	4151	34.8	2597	41.4	1554	27.6
	Low	2592	21.7	1328	21.2	1264	22.4
	Moderate	3007	25.2	1455	23.2	1552	27.5
	High	2169	18.2	898	14.3	1271	22.5
HIV/AIDS stigma scale
	No stigma	4222	35.4	1907	30.4	2315	41.0
	Low stigma	2049	17.2	1020	16.3	1029	18.2
	Moderate stigma	3009	25.2	1671	26.6	1338	23.7
	High stigma	2639	22.1	1680	26.8	959	17.0
Talked with partner about HIV
	No	6436	54.0	3668	58.4	2768	49.1
	Yes	5483	46.0	2610	41.6	2873	50.9
Programmatic variables
Walking distance to HF
	<=10 min	9510	79.8	5016	79.9	4494	79.7
	10–30 min	1639	13.8	861	13.7	778	13.8
	30+ minutes	770	6.5	401	6.4	369	6.5
Proactively visited HEW
	No	7242	60.8	3839	62.5	3403	62.2
	Yes	4373	36.7	2304	37.5	2069	37.8
HEW visited home
	No	6511	54.6	3474	57.0	3037	55.9
	Yes	5016	42.1	2624	43.0	2392	44.1
Source of HIV information
	Never exposed	1207	10.1	833	13.3	374	6.6
	Only to mass media	745	6.3	338	5.4	407	7.2
	Community conversations	9967	83.6	5107	81.4	4860	86.2
Model-family
	No	11,221	94.1	5917	95.4	5304	95.1
	Yes	555	4.7	283	4.6	272	4.9
VHPs in village
	No	5594	46.9	2995	47.7	2599	46.1
	Yes	6325	53.1	3283	52.3	3042	53.9

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/mlVHQb

By:  Hailay D. Teklehaimanot, Awash Teklehaimanot, Mekonnen Yohannes, and Dawit Biratu

Center forNational Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University, Kebele 06, H No 447, PO Box 664 code 1250, Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

The EarthInstitute, Columbia University, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 401, New York, NY 10025 USA

College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health