Multiracial Facial Golden Ratio and Evaluation of Facial Appearance

This study aimed to investigate the association of facial proportion and its relation to the golden ratio with the evaluation of facial appearance among Malaysian population. This was a cross-sectional study with 286 randomly selected from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Health Campus students (150 females and 136 males; 100 Malaysian Chinese, 100 Malaysian Malay and 86 Malaysian Indian), with the mean age of 21.54 ± 1.56 (Age range, 18–25). Facial indices obtained from direct facial measurements were used for the classification of facial shape into short, ideal and long. 

A validated structured questionnaire was used to assess subjects’ evaluation of their own facial appearance. The mean facial indices of Malaysian Indian (MI), Malaysian Chinese (MC) and Malaysian Malay (MM) were 1.59 ± 0.19, 1.57 ± 0.25 and 1.54 ± 0.23 respectively. Only MC showed significant sexual dimorphism in facial index (P = 0.047; P<0.05) but no significant difference was found between races. Out of the 286 subjects, 49 (17.1%) were of ideal facial shape, 156 (54.5%) short and 81 (28.3%) long. 

The facial evaluation questionnaire showed that MC had the lowest satisfaction with mean score of 2.18 ± 0.97 for overall impression and 2.15 ± 1.04 for facial parts, compared to MM and MI, with mean score of 1.80 ± 0.97 and 1.64 ± 0.74 respectively for overall impression; 1.75 ± 0.95 and 1.70 ± 0.83 respectively for facial parts. 

In conclusion: 1) Only 17.1% of Malaysian facial proportion conformed to the golden ratio, with majority of the population having short face (54.5%); 2) Facial index did not depend significantly on races; 3) Significant sexual dimorphism was shown among Malaysian Chinese; 4) All three races are generally satisfied with their own facial appearance; 5) No significant association was found between golden ratio and facial evaluation score among Malaysian population.

Below:  Anthropometrical landmarks and facial measurements

Below:  Pie charts showing facial shape classification of subjects according to the Golden Ratio

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/UQ6MHG

By:  

Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Nor Farid Mohd Noor, Tan Fo Yew, Tay Hui Wen

Anatomy Department, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Rehana Basri

Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

 

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Lack of Support for Relation between Woman's Masculinity Preference, Estradiol Level & Mating Context

It has been proposed that women's preferences for male facial sexual dimorphism are positively correlated with conception probability and differ between short- and long-term mating contexts. In this study, we tested this assumption by analyzing relationships between estradiol levels to the women's preferences of male faces that were manipulated to vary in masculinity. Estradiol was measured in daily saliva samples throughout the entire menstrual cycle collected by Polish women with regular menstrual cycles. 

In our analyses, we included the three most commonly used definitions of the fertile window in the literature. After computing the overall masculinity preference of each participant and measuring hormone levels, we found that

1. the timing of ovulation varied greatly among women (between -11 and -17 days from the onset of the next menses, counting backwards), 
2. there was no relationship between daily, measured during the day of the test (N=83) or average for the cycle (N=115) estradiol levels and masculinity preferences, 
3. there were no differences in masculinity preferences between women in low- and high-conception probability phases of the cycle, and 
4. there were no differences in masculinity preferences between short- and long-term mating contexts. 

Our results do not support the idea that women's preferences for a potential sexual partner's facial masculinity fluctuate throughout the cycle.

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By: Marcinkowska UM1, Ellison PT2, Galbarczyk A3, Milkowska K3, Pawlowski B4, Thune I5, Jasienska G6.

• 1Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: ummarcinkowska@gmail.com.
• 2Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Av., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
• 3Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
• 4Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, Kuźnicza 35, Wrocław, Poland.
• 5Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
• 6Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland; Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511-3707, USA.  

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