Antiretroviral (ARV) drug use was analyzed in HIV-uninfected women in an observational cohort study conducted in 10 urban and periurban communities in the United States with high rates of poverty and HIV infection. Plasma samples collected in 2009–2010 were tested for the presence of 16 ARV drugs. ARV drugs were detected in samples from 39 (2%) of 1,806 participants: 27/181 (15%) in Baltimore, MD and 12/179 (7%) in Bronx, NY. The ARV drugs detected included different combinations of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors (1–4 drugs/sample). These data were analyzed in the context of self-reported data on ARV drug use. None of the 39 women who had ARV drugs detected reported ARV drug use at any study visit. Further research is needed to evaluate ARV drug use by HIV-uninfected individuals.

Table 4

Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of Partners of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.

	Baltimore			Bronx			Baltimore and Bronx
	ARV drugs detected			ARV drugs detected			ARV drugs detected
Baseline	Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No
Characteristic	27	154	P value	12	167	P value	39	321	P value
HIV positive diagnosis	1 (4%)	1 (1%)	0.28	0 (0%)	2 (1%)	1.00	1 (3%)	3 (1%)	0.37
Reported STI	7 (26%)	18 (12%)	0.07	1 (8%)	16 (10%)	1.00	8 (21%)	34 (11%)	0.11
Illicit drug use	14 (52%)	75 (49%)	0.76	3 (25%)	46 (28%)	1.00	17 (44%)	121 (38%)	0.47
Binge-drinking	15 (56%)	81 (53%)	0.78	9 (75%)	115 (69%)	0.76	24 (62%)	196 (61%)	0.95
Alcohol dependence	16 (59%)	77 (50%)	0.37	6 (50%)	79 (47%)	0.86	22 (56%)	156 (49%)	0.34
Incarceration	24 (89%)	97 (63%)	0.008	7 (58%)	111 (67%)	0.55	31 (80%)	208 (65%)	0.07

The table shows characteristics of partners of HIV-uninfected participants who were enrolled in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY (limited to participants whose samples were screened for ARV drugs in this study). Study participants were asked to self-report characteristics of partners within six months of enrollment, unless otherwise specified. Fisher’s exact, chi-square, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze the association between these characteristics and ARV drug detection. P values <0.05 are bolded. Baseline characteristics are defined as follows: Reported STI: Reported partner sexually-transmitted infection, including gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia infection; Substance use: At least weekly substance use (including drug use or binge-drinking [≥4 drinks on 1 occasion]); Binge drinking: ≥5 drinks on 1 occasion; Alcohol dependence: Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye Opener (CAGE) score ≥2; Incarceration: incarcerated during the past 5 years. Abbreviations: ARV: antiretroviral.

Table 3

Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.

	Baltimore			Bronx			Baltimore and Bronx
	ARV drugs detected			ARV drugs detected			ARV drugs detected
Baseline	Yes	No		Yes	No		Yes	No
Characteristic	27	154	P value	12	167	P value	39	321	P value
Median number of partners (IQR)	2.0 (1.0, 6.0)	2.0 (1.0, 4.0)	0.74	2.5 (1.0, 3.0)	2.0 (1.0, 4.0)	0.99	2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.0 (1.0, 4.0)	0.63
Exchange sex for commoditiesa	13 (50%)	76 (51%)	0.92	3 (25%)	49 (29%)	1.00	16 (42%)	125 (40%)	0.76
Unknown HIV status of last partner	8 (30%)	66 (43%)	0.20	4 (33%)	56 (34%)	1.00	12 (31%)	122 (38%)	0.38
Condom use (vaginal)	4 (15%)	11 (7%)	0.25	4 (33%)	26 (16%)	0.12	8 (21%)	37 (12%)	0.12
Anal sex	12 (44%)	68 (44%)	0.98	5 (42%)	75 (45%)	0.83	17 (44%)	143 (45%)	0.91
Condom use (anal)b	0 (0%)	11 (16%)	0.20	0 (0%)	11 (15%)	1.00	0 (0%)	22 (15%)	0.13
Concurrencya	15 (56%)	72 (47%)	0.42	5 (42%)	68 (41%)	1.00	20 (51%)	140 (44%)	0.37
Self-reported STIa	4 (15%)	25 (16%)	1.00	1 (9%)	14 (8%)	1.00	5 (13%)	39 (12%)	0.80
Substance use	14 (52%)	86 (56%)	0.70	4 (33%)	69 (41%)	0.76	18 (46%)	155 (48%)	0.80
Binge drinkinga	9 (33%)	46 (30%)	0.73	3 (25%)	56 (34%)	0.75	12 (31%)	102 (32%)	0.89
Drug use	11 (41%)	56 (36%)	0.66	1 (8%)	24 (14%)	1.00	12 (31%)	80 (25%)	0.43
Depressive symptomsa	16 (59%)	68 (45%)	0.18	3 (30%)	55 (35%)	1.00	19 (51%)	123 (40%)	0.19
Any history of abuse	11 (41%)	53 (34%)	0.53	6 (50%)	54 (32%)	0.22	17 (44%)	107 (33%)	0.20
Any childhood abuse	18 (67%)	71 (46%)	0.049	7 (58%)	69 (41%)	0.25	25 (64%)	140 (44%)	0.015

The table shows characteristics of HIV-uninfected participants who were enrolled in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY (limited to participants whose samples were screened for ARV drugs in this study). Study participants were asked to self-report characteristics within six months of enrollment, unless otherwise specified. Fisher’s exact, chi-square, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze the association between these characteristics and ARV drug detection. P values <0.05 are bolded. Baseline characteristics are defined as follows: Unknown HIV status of last partner: unknown HIV status of man with whom had last vaginal sex; Condom use (vaginal): Condom used with last vaginal sex; Condom use (anal): Condom used with last anal sex; Concurrency: self-report of sex with a man while involved in a sexual relationship with another man during the same period; Self-reported STI: Self-reported sexually-transmitted infection, including gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia infection; Substance use: At least weekly substance use (including drug use or binge-drinking [≥4 drinks on 1 occasion]); Binge drinking: At least weekly binge-drinking (≥4 drinks on 1 occasion); Drug use: At least weekly drug use (excluding cannabis); Depressive symptoms: score ≥7 using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Abbreviations: ARV: antiretroviral; IQR: interquartile range.

aSome participants did not respond to all of the questions asked. In these cases, the percentage was calculated among all of the respondents.

bThis percentage was calculated among participants who reported ever having anal sex.

Full article at: http://goo.gl/CBdj6y

By: Iris Chen,1 William Clarke,1 San-San Ou,2 Mark A. Marzinke,1 Autumn Breaud,1 Lynda M. Emel,2 Jing Wang,2 James P. Hughes,2,3 Paul Richardson,1 Danielle F. Haley,4 Jonathan Lucas,5 Anne Rompalo,6 Jessica E. Justman,7 Sally L. Hodder,8 and Susan H. Eshleman1,*

¹Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

²Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

³Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

⁴Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

⁵Science Facilitation Department, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

⁶Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

⁷ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

⁸Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America

University of Pittsburgh, UNITED STATES

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Saturday, October 24, 2015

Antiretroviral Drug Use in a Cohort of HIV-Uninfected Women in the United States: HIV Prevention Trials Network 064

Table 4

Table 3

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