Challenges faced by marginalized communities such as transgenders in Pakistan

Challenges faced by marginalized communities such as transgenders in Pakistan. Read more at: http://ow.ly/M0yD30mlMyV   

Sissies, Mama's Boys, and Tomboys: Is Children's Gender Nonconformity More Acceptable When Nonconforming Traits Are Positive?

The evaluation of gender nonconformity in children was examined in two studies. In Study 1, 48 young adults evaluated the positivity of culturally popular labels for gender nonconformity, including "tomboy," "sissy," and two new labels generated in a pilot study, "mama's boy" and "brat." The "mama's boy" was described as a boy who has positive feminine traits (gentle and well-mannered) as opposed to the "sissy" who was described as having negative feminine traits (crying and easily frightened). 

In Study 2, 161 young adults read descriptions of gender-typical and nonconforming children, evaluating them in several domains. The label "mama's boy" was considered negative in Study 1 but an unlabeled positive nonconforming boy was rated as likable and competent in Study 2. However, participants worried about nonconforming boys, saying they would encourage them to behave differently and describing such children with derogatory sexual orientation slurs. "Tomboy" was generally considered a positive label in Study 1. 

In Study 2, gender nonconforming girls were considered neither likable nor dislikeable, and neither competent nor incompetent, reflecting ambivalence about girls' nonconformity. It may be that we use gender nonconformity labels as indicators of sexual orientation, even in young children. Therefore, even when an individual displays objectively positive traits, the stigma associated with homosexuality taints judgments about their nonconforming behavior.

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By:  Coyle EF1, Fulcher M2, Trübutschek D3,4,5.

• 1Department of Psychology, Beloit College, 700 College Street, Beloit, WI, 53511, USA. emilyfcoyle@gmail.com.
• 2Department of Psychology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA.
• 3Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France.
• 4Ecole des Neurosciences de Paris Ile-de-France, Paris, France.
• 5Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
• Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Mar 7. 

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Scrutinizing Immutability: Research on Sexual Orientation and U.S. Legal Advocacy for Sexual Minorities

We review scientific research and legal authorities to argue that the immutability of sexual orientation should no longer be invoked as a foundation for the rights of individuals with same-sex attractions and relationships (i.e., sexual minorities). 

On the basis of scientific research as well as U.S. legal rulings regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights, we make three claims: 

• First, arguments based on the immutability of sexual orientation are unscientific, given what we now know from longitudinal, population-based studies of naturally occurring changes in the same-sex attractions of some individuals over time. 
• Second, arguments based on the immutability of sexual orientation are unnecessary, in light of U.S. legal decisions in which courts have used grounds other than immutability to protect the rights of sexual minorities. 
• Third, arguments about the immutability of sexual orientation are unjust, because they imply that same-sex attractions are inferior to other-sex attractions, and because they privilege sexual minorities who experience their sexuality as fixed over those who experience their sexuality as fluid. 

We conclude that the legal rights of individuals with same-sex attractions and relationships should not be framed as if they depend on a certain pattern of scientific findings regarding sexual orientation.

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By:  Diamond LM1, J Rosky C2.

• 1 Department of Psychology , University of Utah.
• 2 S. J. Quinney College of Law , University of Utah. 
• J Sex Res. 2016 Mar 17:1-29. 

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Place Matters: Contextualizing the Roles of Religion & Race for Understanding Americans' Attitudes About Homosexuality

As laws and policies related to homosexuality have evolved, Americans' attitudes have also changed. Race and religion have been established as important indicators of feelings about homosexuality. However, researchers have given almost no attention to how county characteristics shape Americans' attitudes. 

Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques, we examine how personal characteristics and the religious and racial context of a county shape feelings about homosexuality drawing on data from the American National Election Survey and information about where respondents reside. 

We find that African Americans initially appear less tolerant than other racial groups, until we account for the geographical distribution of attitudes across the nation. 

Additionally, once we consider religious involvement, strength of belief, and religious affiliation African Americans appear to have warmer feelings about homosexuality than whites. Drawing on the moral communities' hypothesis, we also find that the strength of religiosity amongst county residents heightens the influence of personal religious beliefs on disapproving attitudes. 

There is also a direct effect of the proportion conservative Protestant, whereby people of all faiths have cooler attitudes towards homosexual individuals when they reside in a county with a higher proportion of conservative Protestants. 

Finally, we do not find any evidence for an African American cultural influence on attitudes.

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By:  Adamczyk A1, Boyd KA2, Hayes BE3.

• 1John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA. Electronic address: AAdamczyk@jjay.cuny.edu.
• 2Department of Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, The University of Exeter, UK.
• 3Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, USA. 
• Soc Sci Res. 2016 May;57:1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.001. Epub 2016 Feb 8.

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Trajectories of Dating Violence: Differences by Sexual Minority Status & Gender

The purpose of this study was to examine how sexual minority status (as assessed using both identity and behavior) was associated with trajectories of dating violence. 

University students from a large Southwestern university completed questions on their sexual minority identity, the gender of their sexual partners, and about experiences of dating violence for six consecutive semesters (N = 1942). Latent growth curve modeling indicated that generally, trajectories of dating violence were stable across study participation. 

Sexual minority identity was associated with higher initial levels of dating violence at baseline, but also with greater decreases in dating violence across time. These differences were mediated by number of sexual partners. Having same and other-sex sexual partners was associated with higher levels of dating violence at baseline, and persisted in being associated with higher levels over time. 

No significant gender difference was observed regarding trajectories of dating violence.

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By:  Martin-Storey A1, Fromme K2.

• 1Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, 2500 Boul. De L'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada. Electronic address: alexa.martin@gmail.com.
• 2Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 87812-1043, USA. 
• J Adolesc. 2016 Mar 16;49:28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.02.008.

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The National LGBT Cancer Action Plan: A White Paper of the 2014 National Summit on Cancer in the LGBT Communities

Despite growing social acceptance of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender (LGBT) persons and the extension of marriage rights for same-sex couples, LGBT persons experience stigma and discrimination, including within the healthcare system. 

Each population within the LGBT umbrella term is likely at elevated risk for cancer due to prevalent, significant cancer risk factors, such as tobacco use and human immunodeficiency virus infection; however, cancer incidence and mortality data among LGBT persons are lacking. This absence of cancer incidence data impedes research and policy development, LGBT communities' awareness and activation, and interventions to address cancer disparities. 

In this context, in 2014, a 2-day National Summit on Cancer in the LGBT Communities was convened by a planning committee for the purpose of accelerating progress in identifying and addressing the LGBT communities' concerns and needs in the spheres of cancer research, clinical cancer care, healthcare policy, and advocacy for cancer survivorship and LGBT health equity. 

Summit participants were 56 invited persons from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, representatives of diverse identities, experiences, and knowledge about LGBT communities and cancer. Participants shared lessons learned and identified gaps and remedies regarding LGBT cancer concerns across the cancer care continuum from prevention to survivorship. 

This white paper presents background on each of the Summit themes and 16 recommendations covering the following: sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in national and state health surveys and research on LGBT communities and cancer, the clinical care of LGBT persons, and the education and training of healthcare providers...

Recommendations

1. Add SOGI questions to all national health surveys and promote SOGI data collection in diverse healthcare settings so as to better understand psychosocial, behavioral, and medical risk factors that can increase LGBT persons' cancer risk and to examine health outcomes and disparities in each LGBT community.
2. Organize stakeholders and promote education within the NIH and its institutes, centers, and offices, and in particular the NCI, about the health and cancer needs of LGBT communities to arm with facts and sensitize decision-makers who help set scientific and funding priorities.
3. Overcome the gap in financial support of research to develop and test cancer prevention and control interventions targeted and tailored to LGBT communities by issuing research funding opportunities specific to the population.
4. Increase the amount of federal funding dedicated to LGBT cancer research. Furthermore, assure that career development and training grants for under-represented populations in the workforce include those identifying as LGBT and with potential for conducting high-quality cancer research with LGBT communities.ⁱ
5. Address the absence of SEER cancer registry data on SOGI. SEER should consider partnering with cancer researchers to pilot test such an effort, perhaps within a region or state, to identify and overcome barriers to standard collection of SOGI data.
6. Recognize intersectionality within the LGBT communities when conducting cancer research by assessing and examining the impact of SOGI, race, ethnicity, class, disability/ability, and other sociodemographic factors on cancer outcomes across the cancer care continuum.

Recommendations

1. Increase research to document elevated cancer risks and cancer screening disparities in LGBT communities.
2. Develop psychosocial and educational support groups specifically for LGBT survivors and caregivers, and when this is not feasible, assure the cultural competence of professional support service providers to better meet the needs of LGBT communities.
3. Improve care coordination for LGBT patients, survivors, and caregivers through the integration of LGBT community resources. These resources include culturally competent oncologists, primary care and specialty physicians, mental health providers, and other professional providers.
4. Educate healthcare providers about the unique cooccurring conditions that LGBT cancer patients may present in their care settings.
5. Ensure that palliative and end-of-life care addresses the specific legal and psychosocial needs of LGBT communities.
6. Support efforts to increase insurance coverage for LGBT communities, with a focus on the transition and cancer care needs of transgender communities.

Recommendations

1. Develop accreditation agency standards for the provision of culturally competent care to LGBT people and to assure professional training in LGBT cultural competence and health for providers of primary care, cancer screening and treatment, and cancer survivorship healthcare both during their academic training and for those already working in the field. This can be best accomplished by working with LGBT-focused organizations and other content experts in these areas.
2. Educate LGBT communities about their increased cancer risks and the importance of appropriate cancer screening and early detection through outreach by cancer experts through tailored lectures, print materials, internet content, mass media messaging, and other means that will effectively engage the community.
3. Increase representation of LGBT persons in leadership positions and throughout the workforce. The workforce pipeline draws from many streams, but for there to be greater LGBT representation at all levels of the cancer healthcare continuum and in health policy and research, efforts are needed to welcome, include, and develop the potential of LGBT persons within the under-represented populations in the workforce. This will entail collecting SOGI data to track the effectiveness of such efforts, as well as targeting for recruitment of LGBT-identified persons in academic and training programs and assuring that they will experience LGBT-affirmative environments and mentoring opportunities in their new settings.
4. Initiate a comprehensive effort to identify and modify healthcare organization policies that are not inclusive or pose barriers to patient-centered cancer care for LGBT persons. These policies may range from how to manage the comfort and confidentiality of transgender patients presenting for cancer screening based on gender-specific anatomy to providing culturally sensitive psychosocial support for LGBT cancer survivors. Systemic changes promoting equity in LGBT cancer care are more likely to be implemented when an independent prestigious organization advocates such changes and more so when mandated by an accrediting or certifying organization. Furthermore, by instituting collaborations with LGBT advocacy and professional groups, healthcare organizations can establish a lifeline when addressing internal LGBT-related policies, procedures, and patient concerns.

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/2Gl9sl

By:  Jack E. Burkhalter, PhD,1,* Liz Margolies, LCSW,2,* Hrafn Oli Sigurdsson, PhD, NP, PMHNP-BC,3 Jonathan Walland, LLB,4 Asa Radix, MD, MPH,5 David Rice, RN, PhD,6 Francisco O. Buchting, PhD,7 Nelson F. Sanchez, MD,8 Michael G. Bare, MPH,9 Ulrike Boehmer, PhD,10 Sean Cahill, PhD,11 Tomas L. Griebling, MD, MPH,12 Diane Bruessow, PA-C, DFAAPA,13 and Shail Maingi, MD14

¹Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

²National LGBT Cancer Network, New York, New York.

³Nursing Professional Development, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

⁴The Office of General Counsel, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

⁵Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York.

⁶City of Hope, Duarte, California.

⁷Buchting Consulting, Oakland, California; Horizons Foundation, San Francisco, California.

⁸Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

⁹Grassroots Change, Oakland, California.

¹⁰Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

¹¹The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.

¹²Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas.

¹³Healthy Transitions, LLC, Stirling, New Jersey.

¹⁴St. Peter's Health Partners Cancer Care, Troy, New York.

Corresponding author.

^*Cofirst authors.

Address correspondence to:, Jack E. Burkhalter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022,

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Barriers to Health Care among Adults Identifying as Sexual Minorities: A US National Study

OBJECTIVES:

To assess the extent to which lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 18 to 64 years experience barriers to health care.

METHODS:

We used 2013 National Health Interview Survey data on 521 gay or lesbian (291 men, 230 women), 215 bisexual (66 men, 149 women), and 25 149 straight (11 525 men, 13 624 women) adults. Five barrier-to-care outcomes were assessed (delayed or did not receive care because of cost, did not receive specific services because of cost, delayed care for noncost reasons, trouble finding a provider, and no usual source of care).

RESULTS:

Relative to straight adults, 

• gay or lesbian and bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying or not receiving care because of cost. 
• Bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying care for noncost reasons, 
• and gay men had higher odds than straight men of reporting trouble finding a provider. 

By contrast, gay or lesbian women had lower odds of delaying care for noncost reasons than straight women. 

• Bisexual women had higher odds than gay or lesbian women of reporting 3 of the 5 barriers investigated.

CONCLUSIONS:

Members of sexual minority groups, especially bisexual women, are more likely to encounter barriers to care than their straight counterparts

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By:  Dahlhamer JM1, Galinsky AM1, Joestl SS1, Ward BW1.

1The authors are with the National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD

Am J Public Health. 2016 Mar 17:e1-e7.

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Adaptation to Parental Gender Transition: Stress and Resilience among Transgender Parents

Little is known about transgender parents and how they have negotiated their gender transition, referred to here as Parental Gender Transition (PGT), and subsequent stressors. This study addressed this gap using an adapted version of the ABC-X model and Family Stress Theory. 

The family functioning of 73 transgender parents (72.2 % born male, 25.0 % born female, and 2.8 % other, e.g., intersex), who transitioned after they had children, was examined in regard to the potential stresses associated with PGT (impact of disclosure, stigma, and boundary ambiguity), resources available to transitioning parents (social support and coping), and perception (sense of coherence and perceptions of PGT). 

Hierarchical multiple regression and path analysis were then conducted to determine if resources and perception altered the relationship between stress and family functioning. Findings from these transgender parents indicated an ameliorating role of sense of coherence, or the perception that they can handle the situation, on the relationship between stigma and family functioning, but not between boundary ambiguity, or confusion regarding who is in the family system, and family functioning. 

This suggests one avenue for professionals to intervene and help families through PGT. However, it also indicates the need for further research to determine ways to mitigate the impact of boundary ambiguity on family functioning.

Purchase full article at:   https://goo.gl/AWMeMr

By:  Veldorale-Griffin A1, Darling CA2.

• 1The Family Alliance, LLC, 4090 Deltona Blvd, Spring Hill, FL, 34606, USA. thefamilyalliance@gmail.com.
• 2Faculty of Family and Child Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. 
• Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Apr;45(3):607-17. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0657-3. Epub 2016 Jan 12.

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Measuring Implicit Sexual Response Biases to Nude Male and Female Pictures in Androphilic and Gynephilic Men

Snowden, Wichter, and Gray (2008) demonstrated that an Implicit Association Test and a Priming Task both predicted the sexual orientation of gynephilic and androphilic men in terms of their attraction biases towards pictures of nude males and females. For both measures, relative bias scores were obtained, with no information on the separate response biases to each target gender. 

The present study sought to extend this research by assessing both relative and individual implicit biases using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). An explicit measure screened for men with androphilic (n = 16) or gynephilic (n = 16) orientations on the dimensions of "sexual attraction," "sexual behavior," "sexual fantasies," "hetero/gay lifestyle," and "self identification." The IRAP involved responding "True" or "False" to pictures of nude males and females as either attractive or unattractive. Participants were required to respond in a manner consistent with their reported sexual orientation for half of the IRAP's test blocks and inconsistent for the other half. Response latencies were recorded and analyzed. 

The IRAP revealed a non-orthogonal pattern of biases across the two groups and had an excellent ability to predict sexual orientation with areas under the curves of 1.0 for the relative bias score and .94 and .95 for the bias scores for the male and female pictures, respectively. Correlations between the IRAP and explicit measures of sexual orientation were consistently high. The findings support the IRAP as a potentially valuable tool in the study of sexual preferences.

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By:  Timmins L1, Barnes-Holmes D2, Cullen C3.

• 1Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 5th Floor, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 9RT, UK. liam.timmins@kcl.ac.uk.
• 2Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
• 3School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland. 
• Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Mar 14.

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Associations Between LGBTQ-Affirmative School Climate & Adolescent Drinking Behaviors

BACKGROUND:

We investigated whether adolescents drank alcohol less frequently if they lived in jurisdictions with school climates that were more affirmative of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) individuals.

METHODS:

Data from the 2010 School Health Profile survey, which measured LGBTQ school climate (e.g., percentage of schools with safe spaces and gay-straight alliances), were linked with pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which measured sexual orientation identity, demographics, and alcohol use (number of drinking days, drinking days at school, and heavy episodic drinking days) in 8 jurisdictions. Two-level Poisson models tested the associations between school climate and alcohol use for each sexual-orientation subgroup.

RESULTS:

Living in jurisdictions with more (versus less) affirmative LGBTQ school climates was significantly associated with: fewer heavy episodic drinking days for gay/lesbian (incidence-rate ratio [IRR]=0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 0.87; p=0.001) and heterosexual (IRR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.83; p<0.001) adolescents; and fewer drinking days at school for adolescents unsure of their sexual orientation (IRR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.93; p=0.024).

CONCLUSIONS:

Fostering LGBTQ-affirmative school climates may reduce certain drinking behaviors for gay/lesbian adolescents, heterosexual adolescents, and adolescents unsure of their sexual orientation.

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By:  Coulter RW1, Birkett M2, Corliss HL3, Hatzenbuehler ML4, Mustanski B2, Stall RD5.

• 1Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. Electronic address: Robert.ws.coulter@pitt.edu.
• 2Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
• 3Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
• 4Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
• 5Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. 
• Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Feb 23. pii: S0376-8716(16)00097-1. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.022

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Miss Diamond: LGBTQ Rights in the Justice System

Miss Diamond's journey was long and her journey was hard, but according to Ms. Diamond, "I didn’t want to die pretending, I didn’t want to die living for everybody else. I wanted to die being happy."

In a world that constantly asserts that transgender people are garbage, those transphobic messages are deeply ingrained and have devastating impacts.

Via:  http://goo.gl/BPaBHw

Seven videos that give hope for LGBTI rights around the world

Via:  http://goo.gl/qw4Ejr

Qualitative Study of Cervical Cancer Screening among Lesbian and Bisexual Women and Transgender Men

BACKGROUND:

Lesbian, bisexual, and queer (LBQ) women, as well as transgender men, are less likely than their heterosexual and female-identifying counterparts to access cervical cancer screening services. Although numerous factors that influence receipt of cervical screening have been identified, several gaps in research and knowledge merit additional research.

OBJECTIVE:

The aims of this study were to examine cervical cancer screening behaviors of LBQ women and transgender men using American Cancer Society guidelines as the standards for comparison and to determine factors that influence participation in cervical cancer screening.

METHODS:

A convenience sample of 21- to 65-year-old LBQ women and transgender men was recruited from the Internet and community events. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth telephone interviews and open-ended questions on an online questionnaire. A deductive-inductive content analysis approach was used.

RESULTS:

The sample was mostly non-Hispanic white women who identified as lesbian. Most were routine cervical cancer screeners. Eighteen factors/themes were identified in the data and were contextualized within a health services theoretical framework.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study showed that although some factors overlap with the general female population, there are other areas that are specific to LBQ women and transgender men. Creating welcoming and inclusive healthcare environments is particularly important to facilitating cervical screening among LBQ women.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:

Nurse leaders can modify clinical environments, and clinical nurses can be educated to provide safe care for LBQ women and transgender men.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/ZwQayf

By:  Johnson MJ1, Nemeth LS, Mueller M, Eliason MJ, Stuart GW.

• 1Author Affiliations: College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (Dr Johnson); College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Drs Nemeth, Mueller, and Stuart); and Department of Health Education, San Francisco State University, California (Dr Eliason).
• Cancer Nurs. 2016 Feb 8.  

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