Wastewater-based epidemiology
(WBE) applies advanced analytical methods to quantify drug residues in
wastewater with the aim to estimate illicit drug use at the population level.
Transformation processes during transport in sewers (chemical and biological
reactors) and storage of wastewater samples before analysis are expected to
change concentrations of different drugs to varying degrees. Ignoring
transformation for drugs with low to medium stability will lead to an unknown
degree of systematic under- or overestimation of drug use, which should be
avoided.
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the
stability of commonly investigated drugs and, furthermore, suggest a more
effective approach to future experiments. From over 100 WBE studies, around 50
mentioned the importance of stability and 24 included tests in wastewater. Most
focused on in-sample stability (i.e., sample preparation, preservation and
storage) and some extrapolated to in-sewer stability (i.e., during transport in
real sewers). While consistent results were reported for rather stable
compounds (e.g., MDMA and methamphetamine), a varying range of stability under
different or similar conditions was observed for other compounds (e.g.,
cocaine, amphetamine and morphine).
Wastewater composition can vary
considerably over time, and different conditions prevail in different sewer
systems. In summary, this indicates that more systematic studies are needed to:
i) cover the range of possible conditions in sewers and ii) compare results
more objectively. To facilitate the latter, we propose a set of parameters that
should be reported for in-sewer stability experiments. Finally, a best practice
of sample collection, preservation, and preparation before analysis is
suggested in order to minimize transformation during these steps.
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By:
- 1Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- 2Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
- 3Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
- 4The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
- 5The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- 6Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: Christoph.Ort@eawag.ch.
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