Background
Cardiac
involvement in HIV infected children has been frequently reported, but whether
this is due to HIV infection itself or to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is
unknown.
Methods
This
cross sectional study involved 114 vertically-acquired HIV-infected (56
ART-naive, 58 ART-exposed) and 51 healthy children in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Echocardiography was performed to measure dimensions of the left ventricle (LV)
and systolic functions. We applied general linear modeling to evaluate the
associations between HIV infection/treatment status and cardiac parameters with
further adjustment for potential confounders or explanatory variables. Findings
are presented as (adjusted) mean differences between each of the two HIV groups
and healthy children, with 95% confidence intervals and p values.
Results
Compared
to healthy children, ART-naïve HIV-infected children did not show significant
differences in age-and-height adjusted cardiac dimensions apart from larger LV
internal diameter (difference 2.0 mm, 95%CI 0.2 to 3.7), whereas ART exposed
HIV infection showed thicker LV posterior walls (difference = 1.1 mm, 95%CI 0.5
to 1.6), larger LV internal diameter (difference = 1.7 mm, 95%CI 0.2 to 3.2)
and higher LV mass (difference = 14.0 g, 7.4 to 20.5). With respect to systolic
function, reduced LV ejection fraction was seen in both ART-naïve HIV infected
(adjusted difference = -6.7%, -11.4 to -2.0) and, to a lesser extent, in
ART-exposed HIV infected children (difference = -4.5%, -8.5 to -0.4).
Inflammation level seemed to be involved in most associations in ART-exposed
HIV-infected, but few, if any, for decreased function in the ART-naive ones,
whereas lower hemoglobin appeared to partially mediate chamber dilation in both
groups and reduced function, mainly in ART-exposed children.
Conclusions
ART-naive HIV infected children have a substantial
decrease in cardiac systolic function, whereas the ART-exposed have thicker
ventricular walls with larger internal diameter and higher mass, but less
functional impairment.
Below: Influence of potential explanatory variables on cardiac
structural estimates in ART-naive and ART-exposed HIV infected children. Note: LVPWd = left ventricular posterior wall thickness at
end-diastole; LVIDd = left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole; LV
mass = left ventricular mass; RWT = relative wall thickness; Hb = hemoglobin
level; BP = systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Below: Influence of potential explanatory variables on cardiac
functional estimates in ART-naive and ART-exposed HIV infected children. Note: EF = ejection fraction; FS = fractional shortening;
TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; Hb = hemoglobin level; BP =
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Full article at: http://goo.gl/epfyuV
By:
Nikmah S. Idris, Nia Kurniati
Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine University
of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Nikmah S. Idris, Diederick E. Grobbee, Cuno S. P. M.
Uiterwaal
Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and
Primary Care, the University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Nikmah S. Idris, Michael M. H. Cheung, David Burgner
Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne; Heart
Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's
Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
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