It is unclear whether there
is variation in the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on child peer
problems, and which individual and environmental factors might predict such
variation.
This study uses data from 7,712 children (3,974, 51.5% boys) aged 4
from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Children were
cross-categorized based on exposure to IPV from birth to 3 years, and
mother-rated peer problems at age 4, into 4 groups: Resilient, Non-resilient,
Vulnerable and Competent. Between-group differences in maternal depression,
maternal life events, parenting, attachment, and temperament were analyzed, and
these variables were also examined as predictors of group membership. Girls
were more likely to be identified as resilient. In contrast to the
non-resilient group, resilient boys were less emotional, had more secure
attachment to their mothers, more interaction with their mothers’ partner, and
their mothers reported fewer life events. For girls, the resilient group was
less emotional, more sociable, and their mothers reported less depression.
Temperament played a stronger role in resilience for girls than boys.
There are
sex differences in predictors of resilience to IPV within the peer problems
outcome domain, which suggests that different approaches to intervention may be
needed to foster resilience in boys and girls exposed to IPV.
...Consistent with previous research (Graham-Bermann et al., 2009, Grych et al., 2000, Howell et al., 2010,Martinez-Torteya et al., 2009), maternal
depression and life events were both implicated in resilience. Children who
were exposed to IPV were also more likely to have mothers who reported higher
levels of both depression and life events, confirming the correlation between
risk factors, and resilient children were exposed to greater levels of risk and
protective factors than non-resilient children, which mirrors the findings of
previous person-oriented studies (e.g. Martinez-Torteya et al., 2009). Life events
were more important in differentiating boys’ resilience-group membership,
whereas maternal depression was more important to girls’ membership. Martinez-Torteya et al. (2009) found that
the levels of maternal life events experienced by mothers of resilient and
non-resilient children did not significantly differ, although the levels
reported by those who experienced IPV versus those who did not were
significantly different. In the present study, the difference in maternal life
events was significant between for the resilient and non-resilient groups, but
only for boys. In addition, in the present study, maternal depression
differentiated the resilient group from the groups not exposed to IPV but only
for boys. For girls, maternal depression differentiated the resilient from
non-resilient and competent groups with those exposed to IPV (resilient and
non-resilient) also exposed to higher levels of maternal depression than those
not exposed to IPV (competent). These subtle variations are difficult to
account for. Previous studies suggest a uniform influence of maternal
depression with IPV-exposed groups reporting higher levels of maternal
depression than non-IPV exposed groups (e.g. Graham-Bermann et al., 2009). In the single
previous study to adopt Masten's (2001) four categories of adaptation (Martinez-Torteya et al., 2009) sex differences
were not examined. Therefore, it is possible that such differences did exist
but were masked. The present study therefore highlights the importance of
examining sex differences in relation to the predictors of risk and resilience
in the context of IPV. Further research is required that includes the explicit
examination of sex differences in order to develop an understanding of the
potential consistency of such effects and their meaning.
Family characteristics predicted resilience for boys,
whereas for girls, temperament played a greater role. Partner interaction
distinguished the resilient group from non-resilient (resilient more
interaction), vulnerable (resilient less interaction), and competent (resilient
less interaction) groups for boys. Vulnerable and competent girls also
experienced more interaction than resilient ones. Previous studies have
reported that positive parenting plays a role in resilience to IPV (Kolbo, 1996). These findings show that
increased positive interaction with the mother's partner is associated with
better child outcomes...
Full article at: http://goo.gl/Huxd6I
By:
Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, England, UK
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
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