Antenatal Screening for Hepatitis B Virus in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Pregnant Women in the Tshwane District of South Africa
BACKGROUND:
Despite
enormous strides in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, perinatal
transmission still contributes significantly to HBV epidemiology worldwide;
this could account for approximately 50% of chronically infected individuals.
OBJECTIVE:
To
assess the need for HBV screening in antenatal clinics in the HIV/AIDS era.
METHODS:
This was
a retrospective study conducted at the antenatal clinic of 1 Military Hospital,
Tshwane, South Africa. Laboratory data for HBV, HIV and CD4 count were obtained
and analysed for the period January 2008 - December 2013.
RESULTS:
A total
of 2 513 patients' results were retrieved and 2 368 patients were enrolled as
both their HBV and HIV serology results were available. The mean age of
participants was 29 years (range 14 - 46). HIV prevalence in this study was
20.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.189 - 0.222). The median CD4 count in
HIV-infected patients was 522 cells/μL (interquartile range 370 - 711). There
was an overall HBV prevalence of 0.8% (95% CI 0.005 - 0.011). The hepatitis B
surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was significantly higher (2.1%) among HIV
co-infected compared with HIV-uninfected patients (0.4%) (p=0.0001). Hepatitis
e antigen (HBeAg) positivity was 30% in the HIV co-infected compared with 37.6%
in the HIV-uninfected individuals (p=0.7400).
CONCLUSION:
This
study showed a significantly higher HBV prevalence in HIV-infected compared
with HIV-uninfected patients. The comparable HBeAg prevalence between the two
groups indicates that both were at an increased risk of vertical transmission,
therefore demonstrating a need for antenatal screening for HBV. Since antenatal
screening is often not affordable in low-income countries, administration of
HBV vaccine at birth is needed for prevention of vertical transmission.
- 1Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. qdiale@hotmail.com.
- S Afr Med J. 2015 Dec 16;106(1):97-100. doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.2016.v106i1.9932.
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