Injecting use of image and
performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population is a public health
concern. A wide and varied range of IPED are now easily accessible to all
through the online market. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken
according to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines for
systematic review, to identify the relevant literature. No date restrictions
were placed on the database search in the case of human growth hormone
melanotan I and II, and oil and cosmetic injectables. In the case of anabolic
androgenic steroids search dates were restricted to January 2014-2015.
Publications not in English and with a lack of specificity to the topic were
excluded.
The review yielded 133 relevant quantitative and qualitative papers,
clinical trials, clinical case presentations and editorials/reports. Findings
were examined/reviewed under emergent themes which identified/measured extent
of use, user profiling, sourcing, product endorsement, risk behaviours and
health outcomes in users. Motivation for IPED use may be grounded in
appearance, pursuit of health and youth, and body image disturbance. IPED users
can practice moderated use, with pathological use linked to high-risk behaviours,
which may be normalised within IPED communities. Many IPED trajectories and
pathways of use are not scientifically documented. Much of this information may
be available online in IPED specific discussion forums, an underutilised
setting for research, where uncensored discourse takes place among users.
This
review underscores the need for future internet and clinical research to
investigate prevalence and patterns of injecting use, and to map health
outcomes in IPED users. This paper provides community-based clinical practice
and health promotion services with a detailed examination and analysis of the
injecting use of IPED, highlighting the patterns of this public health issue.
It serves to disseminate updated publication information to health and social policy
makers and those in health service practice who are involved in harm reduction
intervention.
| Injectable AAS product | Key features |
|---|---|
| Boldenone Undecylenate, e.g. Equipoise, Ganabol, Equigan and Ultragan, Boldebal | Stimulates red blood cell production, diverted from veterinary use |
| Dromostanolone Dipropionate, e.g. Masteron | Anti-oestrogen effects. Recommend for use in the weeks before bodybuilding competitions. Synthetic derivative of DHT |
| Formebolone, e.g. Esiclene | Causes temporary inflammation of the muscles, creating an increase in size |
| Methandrostenolone, e.g. Averbol, Dianabol, Danabol | Useful in ‘bulking up’ phase where muscle is built |
| Methenolone Enantate, e.g. Primobolan Depot | Recommended for beginners cycles, less side effects |
| Methyltestosterone, e.g. Android, Testred, Virilon | Older AAS, strength-enhancing effects |
| Nandrolone Decanoate, e.g. Deca-Durabolin, Extraboline | Popular, less side effects |
| Nandrolone Laurate, e.g. Laurabolin | Intended for veterinary use, promotes lean mass |
| Nandrolone Undecanoate, e.g. Dynabolon | Fast acting |
| Stanozolol, e.g. Winstrol Depot | Strongest agent available |
| Testosterone Esters, Suspension and Blends, e.g. Testa C, Testoviron, Sustanol, Andriol | Useful in ‘bulking phase’ |
| Testosterone hexahydrobencylcarbonate, e.g. Parabolan | No oestrogenic activity, useful in cutting phase |
| Trenbolone Acetate, e.g. Trenbolone, Finaplix | Much more effective than testosterone esters, less risk of side effects |
Full article at: http://goo.gl/tm0r3Q
By:
- 1School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
- Health Soc Care Community. 2016 Jan 25. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12326
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
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