Biological Factors that Place Women at Risk For HIV: Evidence from a Large-Scale Clinical Trial in Durban

Background

It is well documented that the mucosal linings of the female genital tract (FGT) usually provides a robust barrier that protects against sexually acquired infections. However, to the best of our knowledge there are limited South African studies that have investigated the association between damage to the mucosal linings and the acquisition of HIV infections. We hypothesize that in this cohort of women, a higher rate of HIV seroconversions will be observed for women who present with evidence of mucosal damage.

Methods

We undertook a secondary analysis of the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) trial that assessed the effectiveness of the latex diaphragm and lubricant gel on HIV prevention among women. Participants underwent a physical examination which included a pelvic examination to detect the presence of mucosal abnormalities. During the physical examinations, the study clinicians examined the genitalia, cervix and vagina for signs of epithelial disruptions and abnormal vaginal discharge. The association between the various genital factors and HIV seroconversion was modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results

In this cohort of 1485 women that had enrolled to participate in the study, women that had presented with genital epithelial disruptions and abnormal vaginal discharge were shown to be at highest risk for HIV acquisition respectively. In addition, the Kaplan Meier analysis showed that the highest number of seroconversions was observed in women that had disrupted genital epithelia (27 per 100/py) and abnormal vaginal discharge (12 per 100/py). Other significant factors included: genital signs and symptoms and genital ulcers/sores.

Conclusion

We have shown that damage to the mucosal epithelial lining increases a women’s risk of HIV seroconversion. Future studies that provide an in depth understanding of the mechanisms associated with the FGT and mucosal immunity will be most valuable. An understanding of all of these mechanisms will be key in directing the advancement of products most suitable for combating HIV infection in women.

Below:  Kaplan Meier plots showing the survival rates for the individual genital factors with the crude HIV incidence rates calculated for each variable with the respective p-values. a epithelial disruption and b abnormal vaginal discharge

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/nztvyB

By:  Nathlee Samantha Abbai^1*, Handan Wand³ and Gita Ramjee¹²

¹HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban 3630, South Africa

²Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

³The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia

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