Highlights
- Traditional practices of use and production of cannabis in the Maghreb and the Middle East regions.
- Cannabis markets across the 20th century.
- From traditional culture to industrial culture of cannabis in Morocco and Lebanon.
- Similarities and differences between hashish in Morocco and Lebanon.
- Global market changes on cannabis culture.
Maghreb
and Middle East have a long history of consumption, production and marketing of
cannabis. Over the past 12 centuries, migration, trade and different spiritual
practices and trends have led to the expansion of cannabis markets. This long
period is marked by stages and rifts caused by foreign interference, a
worldwide prohibition of cannabis at the beginning of the 20th century and increased global demand in the 1960s. In
the 1960s and the 1970s, global cannabis production increased, particularly in
developing countries. Morocco and Lebanon became major producers of hashish for
export to markets in West and Central Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
The two countries have cultural and religious commonalities and similar socio-economic conditions in cannabis production areas. However, there are also some important differences in the way crop growing areas have developed in the Rif and in the Beqaa.
Unlike in Morocco where cannabis is a traditional and locally consumed crop, cannabis consumption in Lebanon remains marginal. By using a comparative approach, this paper aims to evaluate changes in production in the traditional areas of cannabis cultivation in the Rif and the Beqaa and to better understand the role that these countries play in current trends in the global cultivation and consumption of cannabis.
The two countries have cultural and religious commonalities and similar socio-economic conditions in cannabis production areas. However, there are also some important differences in the way crop growing areas have developed in the Rif and in the Beqaa.
Unlike in Morocco where cannabis is a traditional and locally consumed crop, cannabis consumption in Lebanon remains marginal. By using a comparative approach, this paper aims to evaluate changes in production in the traditional areas of cannabis cultivation in the Rif and the Beqaa and to better understand the role that these countries play in current trends in the global cultivation and consumption of cannabis.
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Affiliations
Clersé, Université Lille 1, Lille, France
Correspondence
Corresponding author. Clersé, Université Lille 1, Bâtiment
SH2, 59 655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France.
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