The magnitude and
consequences of prescription opioid (PO) misuse and harms (including rising
demand for PO disorder treatment) in Canada have been well-documented.
Despite
a limited evidence-base for PO dependence treatment, opioid maintenance therapy
(OMT) - mostly by means of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) - has become
the de facto first-line treatment for PO-disorders. For example in the most
populous province of Ontario, some 50,000 patients - large proportions of them
young adults - are enrolled in MMT, resulting in a MMT-rate that is 3-4 times
higher than that of the United States.
MMT in Ontario has widely proliferated
towards a quasi-treatment industry within a system context of the public
fee-payer offering generous incentives for community-based MMT providers.
Contrary to the proliferation of MMT, there has been no commensurate increase
in availability of alternative (e.g., detox, tapering, behavioral), and less
intrusive and/or costly, treatments which may provide therapeutic benefits at least
for sub-sets of PO-dependent patients.
Given the extensive PO-dependence burden
combined with its distinct socio-demographic and clinical profile (e.g.,
involving many young people, less intensive or risky opioid use), an
evidence-based 'stepped-care' model for PO dependence treatment ought to be
developed in Canada where MMT constitutes one, but likely a last resort or
option, for treatment. Other, less intrusive treatment options as well as the
best mix of treatment options should be systematically investigated and
implemented.
This case study has relevance and implications for evidence-based
treatment also for the increasing number of other jurisdictions where PO misuse
and disorders have been rising.
Full article at:
- 1Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. bfischer@sfu.ca.
- 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. bfischer@sfu.ca.
- 3Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. bfischer@sfu.ca.
- 4Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction (CARMHA), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, V6B 5K3, Canada. bfischer@sfu.ca.
- 5Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. paul.kurdyak@camh.ca.
- 6Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. paul.kurdyak@camh.ca.
- 7Mental Health and Addictions Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Science (ICES), Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada. paul.kurdyak@camh.ca.
- 8Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction (CARMHA), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, V6B 5K3, Canada. egoldner@sfu.ca.
- 9B.C. Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada. mtyndall@bccdc.ca.
- 10Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada. mtyndall@bccdc.ca.
- 11Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. jtrehm@gmail.com.
- 12Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. jtrehm@gmail.com.
- 13Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. jtrehm@gmail.com.
- 14Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada. jtrehm@gmail.com.
- Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2016 Mar 8;11(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13011-016-0055-4.
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