The evaluation of gender
nonconformity in children was examined in two studies. In Study 1, 48 young
adults evaluated the positivity of culturally popular labels for gender
nonconformity, including "tomboy," "sissy," and two new
labels generated in a pilot study, "mama's boy" and "brat."
The "mama's boy" was described as a boy who has positive feminine
traits (gentle and well-mannered) as opposed to the "sissy" who was
described as having negative feminine traits (crying and easily frightened).
In
Study 2, 161 young adults read descriptions of gender-typical and nonconforming
children, evaluating them in several domains. The label "mama's boy"
was considered negative in Study 1 but an unlabeled positive nonconforming boy
was rated as likable and competent in Study 2. However, participants worried
about nonconforming boys, saying they would encourage them to behave
differently and describing such children with derogatory sexual orientation
slurs. "Tomboy" was generally considered a positive label in Study 1.
In Study 2, gender nonconforming girls were considered neither likable nor
dislikeable, and neither competent nor incompetent, reflecting ambivalence
about girls' nonconformity. It may be that we use gender nonconformity labels
as indicators of sexual orientation, even in young children. Therefore, even
when an individual displays objectively positive traits, the stigma associated
with homosexuality taints judgments about their nonconforming behavior.
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By:
- 1Department of Psychology, Beloit College, 700 College Street, Beloit, WI, 53511, USA. emilyfcoyle@gmail.com.
- 2Department of Psychology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA.
- 3Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France.
- 4Ecole des Neurosciences de Paris Ile-de-France, Paris, France.
- 5Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
- Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Mar 7.
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