The Relationship Between Schizotypy and Reactive Aggression in Western Adults Is Mediated by Victimization

A large body of literature suggests that schizophrenia and nonclinical schizotypal personality traits, or "schizotypy," are associated with increased aggression. However, recent studies focused on school-aged Asian samples have examined the relationship between schizotypal personality and 2 distinct forms of aggression: reactive and proactive aggression. 

This study aimed to investigate whether schizotypal personality traits would be associated more strongly with reactive, compared with proactive, aggression in an adult Western sample and whether victimization experiences mediated the schizotypy-reactive aggression relation. 

One hundred twenty-one Australian university undergraduates completed self-report inventories measuring levels of schizotypal personality, reactive and proactive aggression, and victimization. Results showed that, as hypothesized, schizotypal personality traits were more strongly associated with reactive than proactive aggression and that victimization experiences mediated the schizotypy-reactive aggression relationship. 

While acknowledging the limitations of nonclinical schizotypy research, the findings are discussed with regard to possible implications for the treatment of aggression in schizophrenia.

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By:  Yeung Shi Chung V1, McGuire J, Langdon R.

• 1*Department of Psychology and †ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders and Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 

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The Strength of a Remorseful Heart: Psychological & Neural Basis of How Apology Emolliates Reactive Aggression & Promotes Forgiveness

Apology from the offender facilitates forgiveness and thus has the power to restore a broken relationship. Here we showed that apology from the offender not only reduces the victim’s propensity to react aggressively but also alters the victim’s implicit attitude and neural responses toward the offender. 

We adopted an interpersonal competitive game which consisted of two phases. In the first, “passive” phase, participants were punished by high or low pain stimulation chosen by the opponents when losing a trial. During the break, participants received a note from each of the opponents, one apologizing and the other not. The second, “active” phase, involved a change of roles where participants could punish the two opponents after winning. Experiment 1 included an Implicit Association Test (IAT) in between the reception of notes and the second phase. Experiment 2 recorded participants’ brain potentials in the second phase. 

We found that participants reacted less aggressively toward the apologizing opponent than the non-apologizing opponent in the active phase. Moreover, female, but not male, participants responded faster in the IAT when positive and negative words were associated with the apologizing and the non-apologizing opponents, respectively, suggesting that female participants had enhanced implicit attitude toward the apologizing opponent. Furthermore, the late positive potential (LPP), a component in brain potentials associated with affective/motivational reactions, was larger when viewing the portrait of the apologizing than the non-apologizing opponent when participants subsequently selected low punishment. Additionally, the LPP elicited by the apologizing opponents’ portrait was larger in the female than in the male participants. 

These findings confirm the apology’s role in reducing reactive aggression and further reveal that this forgiveness process engages, at least in female, an enhancement of the victim’s implicit attitude and a prosocial motivational change toward the offender.

Below:  Task display and timing of Experiment 1. Top panel: passive phase. Bottom panel: active phase

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/Xr02bv

By: Urielle Beyens,1,2,† Hongbo Yu,1,2,† Ting Han,1,2,† Li Zhang,1,2 and Xiaolin Zhou1,2,3,4,5,*

¹Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

²Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China

³Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China

⁴Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

⁵PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China

Edited by: Iris K. Schneider, University of Southern California, USA

Reviewed by: Rory Allen, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK; Chris Reinders Folmer, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands

*Correspondence: Xiaolin Zhou, nc.ude.ukp@401zx

 

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