Sunday, November 29, 2015

Cannabis, Cigarettes, and Their Co-Occurring Use: Disentangling Differences in Gray Matter Volume

Background:
Structural magnetic resonance imaging techniques are powerful tools for examining the effects of drug use on the brain. The nicotine and cannabis literature has demonstrated differences between nicotine cigarette smokers and cannabis users compared to controls in brain structure; however, less is known about the effects of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use.

Methods:
We used voxel-based morphometry to examine gray matter volume differences between four groups: (1) cannabis-dependent individuals who do not smoke tobacco (Cs); (2) cannabis-dependent individuals who smoke tobacco (CTs); (3) cannabis-naïve, nicotine-dependent individuals who smoke tobacco (Ts); and (4) healthy controls (HCs). We also explored associations between gray matter volume and measures of cannabis and tobacco use.

Results:
A significant group effect was observed in the left putamen, thalamus, right precentral gyrus, and left cerebellum. Compared to HCs, the Cs, CTs, and Ts exhibited larger gray matter volumes in the left putamen. Cs also had larger gray matter volume than HCs in the right precentral gyrus. Cs and CTs exhibited smaller gray matter volume than HCs in the thalamus, and CTs and Ts had smaller left cerebellar gray matter volume than HCs.

Conclusions:
This study extends previous research that independently examined the effects of cannabis or tobacco use on brain structure by including an examination of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use, and provides evidence that cannabis and tobacco exposure are associated with alterations in brain regions associated with addiction.

Below:  Group differences in gray matter volume. Clusters of significant volume differences (p < 0.001, famiy-wise error (FWE) cluster-corrected at p < 0.05) are displayed on representative sagittal, coronal, and axial slices overlain on the standard Montreal Neurological Institute brain. Right side of the brain is depicted on the right side. C, cannabis-dependent individual who does not smoke tobacco; CT, cannabis-dependent individual who smokes tobacco; HC, healthy control; L, left; R, right; T, cannabis-naïve, nicotine-dependent individual who smokes tobacco.



Full article at:   http://goo.gl/KK4FnO

University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA (Drs Wetherill, Jagannathan, Childress, Rao, and Franklin, and Mr Hager).
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
Correspondence: Reagan R. Wetherill, PhD, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ( ude.nnepu.dem.liam@htewr).




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