Objectives
The aims of this study
were to identify temporal trends in the incidence of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) in a cohort of HIV-infected people and to evaluate factors
associated with the risk of a new STD diagnosis.
Methods
All HIV-infected
patients in the Icona Foundation Study cohort enrolled after 1998 were included
in this study. STD incidence rates (IRs) were calculated and stratified by
calendar period. Predictors of STDs were identified using a Poisson regression
model with sandwich estimates for standard errors.
Results
Data for 9168
participants were analysed [median age 37.3 (range 18–81) years; 74% male; 30%
men who have sex with men (MSM)]. Over 46 736 person-years of follow-up (PYFU),
996 episodes of STDs were observed [crude IR 21.3/1000 PYFU; 95% confidence
interval (CI) 20.0–22.6/1000 PYFU]. In multivariable Poisson regression
analysis, MSM [rate ratio (RR) 3.03; 95% CI 2.52–3.64 versus heterosexuals],
calendar period (RR 1.67; 95% CI 1.42–1.97 for 2008–2012 versus 1998–2002), HIV
RNA > 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.19–1.74 versus HIV RNA ≤ 50
copies/mL) and a current CD4 count < 100 cells/μL (RR 4.66; 95% CI 3.69–5.89; P < 0.001
versus CD4 count > 500 cells/μL) were associated with an increased risk of
STDs. In contrast, older age (RR 0.82 per 10 years older; 95% CI 0.77–0.89) and
being currently on ART (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.33–0.45) compared with being
ART-naïve or on a treatment interruption were associated with a lower risk of
developing STDs.
Conclusions
An increase in the
incidence of STDs was observed in more recent years. Interventions to prevent
STDs and potential spread of HIV should target the younger population, MSM and
people currently not receiving ART.
Table 1
Number of events | PYFU | IR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Women | 204 | 13912 | 14.6 (12.7–16.8) |
Men | 792 | 32824 | 24.1 (22.4–25.8) |
Age | |||
18–30 years | 181 | 3982 | 45.4 (39.0–52.5) |
31–40 years | 441 | 18421 | 23.9 (21.7–26.2) |
41–50 years | 276 | 16992 | 16.2 (14.3–18.2) |
51–70 years | 93 | 7021 | 13.2 (10.7–16.2) |
> 70 years | 5 | 329 | 15.1 (4.9–35.4) |
HIV transmission route | |||
Heterosexual | 229 | 18557 | 15.7 (13.9–17.6) |
MSM | 561 | 10843 | 51.7 (47.5–56.2) |
IDU | 87 | 14926 | 5.8 (4.6–7.1) |
Other | 56 | 2410 | 23.2 (17.5–30.1) |
Period of STDs | |||
1998–2002 | 272 | 15745 | 17.2 (15.2–19.4) |
2003–2007 | 269 | 15399 | 17.4 (15.4–19.6) |
2008–2012 | 455 | 15592 | 29.1 (26.5–31.9) |
CD4 count at STD diagnosis | |||
> 500 cells/μL | 457 | 24789 | 18.4 (16.7–20.2) |
351–500 cells/μL | 203 | 10765 | 18.8 (16.3–21.6) |
101–350 cells/μL | 247 | 9832 | 25.1 (22.0–28.4) |
< 100 cells/μL | 89 | 1350 | 65.9 (52.9–81.1) |
HIV RNA at STD diagnosis | |||
< 50 copies/mL | 174 | 16289 | 10.6 (9.1–12.3) |
> 50 copies/mL | 822 | 30446 | 27.0 (25.1–28.9) |
Years since HIV diagnosis | |||
< 10 years | 860 | 28932 | 29.7 (27.7–31.7) |
11–20 years | 122 | 14956 | 8.1 (6.7–9.7) |
> 20 years | 11 | 2680 | 4.1 (2.0–7.3) |
Missing | 3 | 168 | 18.8 (3.6–52.1) |
Education | |||
Primary | 79 | 4393 | 17.98 (14.2–22.4) |
Secondary | 248 | 16531 | 15.00 (13.2–17.0) |
College | 349 | 12855 | 27.15 (24.4–30.1) |
University | 113 | 2614 | 43.23 (35.6–52.0) |
Missing | 207 | 10343 | 20.01 (17.4–22.9) |
Ethnicity | |||
Caucasian | 909 | 44132 | 20.60 (19.3–22.0) |
Afro-American | 34 | 1364 | 24.93 (17.2–34.8) |
Hispanic | 45 | 968 | 46.50 (33.9–62.2) |
Asian | 8 | 217 | 36.91 (15.9–72.6) |
ART status | |||
Naïve | 534 | 11962 | 44.64 (40.9–48.6) |
On ART | 400 | 31297 | 12.78 (11.5–14.1) |
On treatment interruption | 62 | 3478 | 17.83 (13.6–22.8) |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; IDU, injecting drug use; IR, incidence rate; MSM, men who have sex with men; PYFU, person-years of follow-up.
Below: Incidence rate for any sexually transmitted disease (STD) according to HIV transmission route in different periods of observation. IDU, injecting drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men
Full article at: http://goo.gl/iq87Yg
By: A Cingolani,1 S Zona,2 E Girardi,3 A Cozzi-Lepri,4 L Monno,5 E Quiros Roldan,6 G Guaraldi,2 A Antinori,7 A D’Arminio Monforte,8 and S Marcotullio9,*
1Department of Public Health, Infectious
Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
2Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Univeristy
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
3Department of Epidemiology, National
Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’, Rome, Italy
4Department of Infection and Population
Health, Division of Population Health, University College London Medical
School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
5Institute of Infectious Diseases,
University of Bari, Bari, Italy
6Institute of Infectious Diseases, University
of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
7Clinical Department, National Institute
for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’, Rome, Italy
8Clinic of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, Milan,
Italy
9Nadir Foundation Onlus, Rome, Italy
Correspondence: Dr Antonella Cingolani, Department of Public
Health, Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, L.go A. Gemelli, 8, 00167
Roma, Italy. Tel: +390630157021; fax: +39063054519; e-mail: ti.ttacinu.mr@inalognic.a
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv_insight
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