Childhood maltreatment has
diverse, lifelong impact on morbidity and mortality. The Childhood Trauma
Questionnaire (CTQ) is one of the most commonly used scales to assess and
quantify these experiences and their impact. Curiously, despite very widespread
use of the CTQ, scores on its Minimization-Denial (MD) subscale—originally
designed to assess a positive response bias—are rarely reported. Hence, little
is known about this measure. If response biases are either common or
consequential, current practices of ignoring the MD scale deserve revision.
Therewith,
we designed a study to investigate 3 aspects of minimization, as defined by the
CTQ’s MD scale: 1) its prevalence; 2) its latent structure; and finally 3)
whether minimization moderates the CTQ’s discriminative validity in terms of
distinguishing between psychiatric patients and community volunteers. Archival,
item-level CTQ data from 24 multinational samples were combined for a total of
19,652 participants. Analyses indicated: 1) minimization is common; 2)
minimization functions as a continuous construct; and 3) high MD scores
attenuate the ability of the CTQ to distinguish between psychiatric patients
and community volunteers.
Overall, results suggest that a minimizing response
bias—as detected by the MD subscale—has a small but significant moderating
effect on the CTQ’s discriminative validity. Results also may suggest that some
prior analyses of maltreatment rates or the effects of early maltreatment that
have used the CTQ may have underestimated its incidence and impact.
We caution
researchers and clinicians about the widespread practice of using the CTQ
without the MD or collecting MD data but failing to assess and control for its
effects on outcomes or dependent variables.
Below: Percentages of Clinical and Community Samples in CTQ Severity Quartiles
Full article at: http://goo.gl/5cJT4g
By:
Kai MacDonald, Michael L. Thomas, Beacher Schneider,
Katherine Pappas, Murray B Stein
Department of Psychiatry,
University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of
America
Andres F. Sciolla
Department of Psychiatry &
Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United
States of America
Gijs Bleijenberg, Marianne Heins, Hans Knoop
Expert Center Chronic Fatigue,
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Martin Bohus
Universität Heidelberg, Central
Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg, Germany
Bradley Bekh
Atlanta VA Medical Center,
Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Bradley Bekh
Department of Psychiatry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Linda Carpenter
Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island, United States of America
Alan Carr
University College Dublin,
Dublin, Ireland
Udo Dannlowski
Department of Psychiatry,
University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Martin Dorahy
Department of Psychology,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Claudia Fahlke
Department of Psychology,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Ricky Finzi-Dottan, Tobi Karu
Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan,
Israel
Arne Gerdner
School of Health Sciences,
Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
Heide Glaesmer
Department of Medical Psychology
and Medical, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Hans Jörgen Grabe
Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
Hans Jörgen Grabe
Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Dianna T Kenny
University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
Daeho Kim
Department of Psychiatry,
Hanyang University Medical School, Seoul, South Korea
Jill Lobbestael
Department of Clinical
Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, Netherlands
Christine Lochner
University of Stellenbosch, MRC
Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch,
South Africa
Grethe Lauritzen, Edle Ravndal
Norwegian Institute for Alcohol
and Drug research (SIRUS), and Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF),
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Shelley Riggs
University of North Texas,
Denton, Texas, United States of America
Vedat Sar
Koç University Medical School,
Istanbul, Turkey
Ingo Schäfer
Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Nicole Schlosser
Research Department, Evangelical
Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
Melanie L Schwandt
National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Claudia Subic-Wrana
Department für Psychosomatic
Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Mainz University,
Mainz, Germany
Mark Vogel
Division of Substance Use
Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Katja Wingenfeld
Department of Psychiatry,
Charité University Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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