Objective
This prospective study
determined whether temperament before two years of age predicts transmissible
risk for substance use disorder (SUD) up to a decade later and SUD outcome in
adulthood.
Method
Boys between 10 and 12 years
of age (N = 482) were
tracked to age 22. The previously validated transmissible liability index (TLI) was administered at baseline,
and temperament prior to two years of age was retrospectively rated. The
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) was administered to document
presence/absence of SUD for parents at baseline and sons at age 22.
Results
Path analysis revealed that
number of parents with SUD predicted severity of temperament disturbance in
their sons which in turn predicted TLI score at age 10–12, presaging SUD.
Temperament before age two did not predict SUD at age 22. The association
between number of SUD parents and transmissible risk was mediated by severity
of temperament disturbance.
Conclusion
Temperament disturbance in
early childhood, reflecting quality of behavioral and emotion regulation,
comprise psychological antecedents of transmissible risk for SUD.
Items comprising the transmissible liability index (TLI).
| Parent as respondent |
| Characteristics of child prior to age 13 |
| 1. Lying |
| 2. Stealing |
| 3. Impulsive |
| 8. Did he often do things to annoy people like grabbing another child’s hat? |
| 9. Did he often annoy people on purpose to get even? |
| 10. Did he have difficulty staying in line in the supermarket or waiting for his turn while he was playing with other children? |
| 11. Did he blurt out answers to questions before they had been completed or did he get into trouble because he would rush into things without thinking? |
| 12. Did he get into trouble a lot for talking out of turn in school or talking without the teacher calling on him or for bothering people? |
| 13. Did he get into trouble because he would do things without thinking about them first, for example running into the street without looking? |
| 15. He/she interrupts on people when they are speaking |
| Describes your child now or within the past 6 months… |
| 21. Impulsive or acts without thinking |
| 22. Destroys things belonging to his/her family or others |
| 23. Disobedient at school |
| 24. Steals at home |
| 25. Bites fingernails |
| 26. Picks nose, skin or other parts or body |
| 38. My child moves a great deal in his/her sleep. |
| 39. In the morning, my child is still in the same place as he/she was when he/she fell asleep (reverse-coded) |
| 40. My child doesn’t move around much at all in his/her sleep (reverse-coded) |
| 41. It takes my child a long time to get used to a new thing in the home (reverse-coded) |
| 42. It takes my child a long time to adjust to new schedules (reverse-coded) |
| 43. Changes in plans make my child restless (reverse-coded) |
| 44. My child resists changes in routine (reverse-coded) |
| Child as respondent |
| 4. Did you often annoy people on purpose to get even? |
| 5. Did you often do things to annoy people like grabbing another child’s hat? |
| 6. Did you blurt out answers to questions before they had been completed or did you get into trouble because you would rush into things without thinking? |
| 7. Were things so bad that you were thinking a lot about death or that you would be better off dead? |
| 14. I interrupt on people when they are speaking |
| 32. I move a great deal in my sleep |
| 33. I don’t move around much at all in my sleep (reverse-coded) |
| 34. I get hungry about the same time each day (reverse-coded) |
| 35. I usually eat the same amount each day (reverse-coded) |
| 36. I eat about the same amount at supper from day to day (reverse-coded) |
| 37. My appetite seems to stay the same day after day (reverse-coded) |
| 45. Did you skip classes or school without an excuse? |
| Teacher as respondent |
| 16. Excitable, Impulsive best describes the child |
| The behavior of the child is best described as … |
| 17. …often engages in physically dangerous activities without considering possible consequences (not for the purpose of thrill-seeking), e.g. runs into street without |
| looking |
| 18. …has difficulty awaiting turn in games or group situations |
| 19. …often blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed |
| 20. …often interrupts or intrudes on others, e.g., butts into other children’s games |
| Describes the pupil now or within the past 2 months… |
| 27. Impulsive or acts without thinking |
| 28. Talks out of turn |
| 29. Aches or pains (not stomach or headaches) (without known medical causes) |
| 30. Headaches (without known medical causes |
| 31. Deliberately harms self or attempts suicide |
Full article at: http://goo.gl/gWJ6bs
By:
aUniversity of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
bCenter for Education and Drug Abuse
Research (CEDAR), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
cUniversity of Pittsburgh School of
Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
dUniversity of Pittsburgh School of
Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Michelle S. Horner: moc.liamg@renroH.ellehciM; Ralph E.
Tarter: ude.ttip@retraT
*Corresponding author at: Center for Education
and Drug Abuse Research, PARKV-226, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Suite 203, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA. Tel.: +1 412 864 2460; fax: +1 412 864 2464
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
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