Inequalities in US Life Expectancy by Area Unemployment Level, 1990-2010

This study examined the association between unemployment and life expectancy in the United States during 1990-2010. 

Census-based unemployment rates were linked to US county-level mortality data. Life expectancies were calculated by age, sex, race, and unemployment level during 1990-2010. Differences in life expectancy were decomposed by age and cause of death. 

Life expectancy was consistently lower in areas with higher unemployment rates. In 2006-2010, those in areas with high unemployment rates (≥9%) had a life expectancy of 76.9 years, compared with 80.7 years for those in areas with low unemployment rates (<3%). The association between unemployment and life expectancy was stronger for men than for women. 

Life expectancy ranged from 69.9 years among black men in high unemployment areas to 90.0 years among Asian/Pacific Islander women in low unemployment areas. Disparities persisted over time. In 1990-1992, life expectancy was 4.7 years shorter in high unemployment than in low unemployment areas. In 2006-2010, the life expectancy difference between the lowest and highest unemployment areas decreased to 3.8 years. Heart disease, cancer, homicide, unintentional injuries, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and liver cirrhosis contributed most to the lower life expectancy in high unemployment areas. High unemployment areas recorded larger gains in life expectancy than low unemployment areas, contributing to the narrowing gap during 1990-2010.

Below:  Life expectancy at birth by sex and area unemployment level, United States, 1990–2010

Below:  Survivorship by age, race, and unemployment level, United States, 1990–2010

Below:  Conditional probability of survival between ages of 25 and 64 years by unemployment level, United States, 1990–2010

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/FI27Gt

By:  Singh GK1, Siahpush M2.

• 1US Department of Health and Human Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA.
• 2Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE 68198-4365, USA.
• Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:8290435. doi: 10.1155/2016/8290435. Epub 2016 Mar 17. 

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Wounds of the Hand & Forearm Due to Stab Phenomenon Kuluna in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Types of Injuries & Treatment

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a particular form of juvenile delinquency and insecurity intensifies in the city of Kinshasa. This is the phenomenon Kuluna. It is organized gangs equipped with machetes and other weapons. 

The main objective of this study is to know the phenomenon Kuluna and describe the upper limb injuries caused by machetes, while insisting on the specifics of the management of these lesions in our communities. This retrospective descriptive study examines 14 cases of wounds of the hand and forearm due to stab phenomenon Kuluna, in Kinshasa. It covers the period from 1 November 2010 to 1 November 2013. 

Among the 14 patients with lesions in the hand and forearm admitted and treated at the Unit of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns, University Clinics of Kinshasa to attacks due to the phenomenon Kuluna. We have 11 men and 3 women. The average age was 33, 5 years (extremes of 21 and 56 years). The right upper limb is reached that the left upper limb, respectively 12 patients and 2 patients. The lesions are localized to the wrist in the majority of cases (10 patients) in the palm of hand and in 3 patients in the fingers in 1 patient. The palmar surface is reached (10 cases) and the dorsal (4 cases). Zone 5 of the International Classification of flexor and Zone 8 topographic classification extensors at hand are the predilection sites of lesions respectively the palmar surface (6 out of 10) and the dorsal (2 case 4). The median nerve at the wrist is cut in half the cases. On bone lesions localized to the forearm, we observed a high incidence of fracture of the ulna (62.5%). The treatment begins with the stabilization of bone pieces, gestures revascularization and nerve sutures and suture tendon and finally skin coverage. 

Rehabilitation was mandatory, she supervises the actions of repair and it continues until the recovery of function.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/1jTL2A

By:  Kibadi PK, Portaels F, Pichot Y, Kapinga M, Moutet F.

Rev Med Brux. 2015 Nov-Dec;36(6):468-74.

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Female Children with Incarcerated Adult Family Members at Risk for Life-Long Neurological Decline

A secondary analysis of data from adult female prison inmates in the mid-Atlantic United States defined relationships between having incarcerated adult family members during childhood and neurological outcomes. 

Of 135 inmates, 99 (60%) had one or more incarcerated adult family members during childhood. Regression analyses revealed that having incarcerated adult family members was related to greater frequency and severity of childhood abuse and higher incidence of neurological deficits in adulthood, especially related to traumatic brain injuries, compared to those without incarcerated adult family members. 

Along with being role models, adult family members impact the neurological health of children throughout their lifespan.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/opQXAn

By:  Brewer-Smyth K1, Pohlig RT2, Bucurescu G3.

• 1 School of Nursing (http://sites.udel.edu/nursing/), College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA.
• 2 College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA.
• 3 United States Department of Veterans Affairs , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.
• Health Care Women Int. 2016 Jan 20:0. 

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Injuries Attributable to Cosmetic Procedures Performed by Unlicensed Individuals in the United States

Although only licensed professionals should be performing cosmetic procedures for patients, there are often news stories of unlicensed individuals performing procedures with serious consequences. This brief report seeks to determine the scope and magnitude of the problem by determining the number of cases of unlicensed procedures and determining the people, procedures, and states that are involved.

Various databases were used to find lawsuits and United States English-language news reports from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013, which described cosmetic procedures performed by unlicensed individuals.

Twenty-eight unique cases were found. The three states with the highest number of cases were Florida (35.7%; n=10), Texas (14.3%; n=4), and California (10.7%; n=3). The type of procedures (n=28) performed were buttocks injections (n=1), face injections (n=7), laser facial procedures (n=2), liposuctions (n=4), and other cosmetic surgeries (n=4). The reported injuries (n=16) were hospitalization (n=8), death (n=4), amputation (n=1), burn (n=1), ptosis (n=1), and scar (n=1). Women and minorities appeared to be disproportionately affected by these illegal procedures.

This study likely only provides a small snapshot of a much larger problem, as many cases are presumably not taken to the news or courts. The availability of illegal cosmetic procedures can be diminished with complementary efforts carried out both by law enforcement and the communities themselves.

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/Ap0Txo

By:  Mayer JE1, Goldberg DJ2.

• 1Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland;
• 2Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Skin Laser & Surgery Specialists of NY/NJ, New York, New York; Fordham Law School, New York, New York. 

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The Influence of Sexual Orientation & Sexual Role on Male Grooming-Related Injuries & Infections

Pubic hair grooming is a common practice in the United States and coincides with prevalence of grooming-related injuries. Men who have sex with men (MSM) groom more frequently than men who have sex with women (MSW). We aim to characterize the influence of sexual orientation and sexual role on grooming behavior, injuries, and infections in men in the United States.

We conducted a nationally representative survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18–65 residing in the United States. We examined the prevalence and risk factors of injuries and infections that occur as a result of personal grooming.

Of the 4,062 men who completed the survey, 

• 3,176 (78.2%) report having sex with only women (MSW), 
• 198 (4.9%) report sex with men (MSM), and 
• 688 (16.9%) report not being sexually active. 
• MSM are more likely to groom (42.5% vs. 29.0%) 
• and groom more around the anus, scrotum, and penile shaft compared with MSW. 
• MSM receptive partners groom more often (50.9% vs. 26.9%) and groom more for sex (85.3% vs. 51.9%) compared with MSM insertive partners. 
• MSM report 
• more injuries to the anus (7.0% vs. 1.0%), 
• more grooming-related infections (7.0% vs. 1.0%) and abscesses (8.8% vs. 2.5%), 
• as well as lifetime sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (1.65 vs. 1.45) compared with MSW. 
• More receptive partners report grooming at the time of their STI infection (52.2% vs. 14.3%) compared with insertive partners.

Sexual orientation, and in particular sexual role, may influence male grooming behavior and impact grooming-related injuries and infections. Anogenital grooming may put one at risk for an STI. Healthcare providers should be aware of different grooming practices in order to better educate safe depilatory practices (i.e., the use of electric razors for anogenital grooming) in patients of all sexual orientations.

Full article at: http://goo.gl/TlIrnb

By: Thomas W. Gaither, BS,* Matthew Truesdale, MD,* Catherine R. Harris, MD, MPH,* Amjad Alwaal, MD,* Alan W. Shindel, MD,† Isabel E. Allen, PhD,‡ and Benjamin N. Breyer, MD, MAS*

*Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

†Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

  

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Visible & Invisible Marks: Facial Injuries Suffered by Women as the Result of Acts of Domestic Violence

This article focuses on female facial injuries caused by domestic partners in the light of the cultural assumption that the face is the most valued area of the human body. Through a quantitative/qualitative approach, the study aimed to estimate the prevalence of lesions on the face, head and neck of women abused by their partners. The intention is to comprehend the significance, from the victim's standpoint, of the marks originated in the violent episode and investigate issues concerning healthcare in the treatment of injuries. Statistical data were obtained from reports of the Special Police Department for Women in Salvador, Bahia, and the qualitative phase of research consisted of interviews with women who filed such reports. The results showed that, in 63.2% of studied cases, there were injuries to the face and/or head and/or neck of battered women. Speech analysis revealed that facial injuries, especially permanent ones, tend to result in feelings of low self-esteem, shame and humiliation in the victim, causing severe psychological distress. It was revealed that healthcare was limited to the physical aspects of victimization, without the perception of domestic violence as a health problem and the consequent lack of referral of patients to the centers for women in situations of violence.

Table 1 Absolute frequency (f) & relative frequency (%) of HNF injuries in women beaten by their intimate partners. DEAM-Brotas, Salvador, 2004-2008. 

HNF Lesion	f	%
No	101	31.0
Yes	206	63.2
No information	19	5.8
Total	326	100

Table 4 Absolute frequency (f) & relative frequency (%) as regards the location of the violent incident and link between the aggressor and the victim. DEAM-Brotas, Salvador, 2004-2008. (N = 326) 

Information about the incident		f	%
Location of violent incident
	Victim's home	219	67,2
	Public place or street	81	24,8
	Home of third parties	12	3,7
	Aggressor's home	10	3,1
	Other location	1	0,3
	No information available	3	0,9
Aggressor (relationship with victim)
	Partner	229	70,3
	Ex-partner	92	28,2
	No information available	5	1,5

Data related to the place where the violent act took place and where the woman's partner was the main aggressor, are also corroborated by many other published works^2,3,7,18,21

Via: http://ht.ly/S0hvV

By: Suzana de Magalhães Dourado ¹  , Ceci Vilar Noronha ²  

¹Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia. R. Emídio dos Santos s/n, Barbalho. 40301-015 Salvador BA Brasil. suzana.m.dourado@gmail.com

²Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia.