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Showing posts with label refugees. Show all posts
Showing posts with label refugees. Show all posts
Saturday, April 9, 2016
Thursday, April 7, 2016
Retrospective Analysis of Reproductive Health Indicators in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Post-Emergency Camps 2007–2013
Background
The United Nations
Refugee Agency’s Health Information System issues analytical reports on the
current camp conditions and trends for priority reproductive health issues. The
goal was to assess the status of reproductive health by analyzing seven
indicators and comparing them to standards and host country estimates.
Methods
Data on seven indicators
were extracted from the database during a seven-year period (2007 through
2013). A standardized country inclusion criterion was created based on the year
of country implementation and the percentage of missing reports per camp and
year. The unit of analysis was monthly camp reports by year within a country.
To account for the lack of independence of monthly camp reports, the variance
was computed using Taylor Series Linearization methods in SAS.
Results
Ten of the 23 eligible
countries met the inclusion criterion. The mean camp maternal and neonatal
mortality rates, except for two country years, were lower than the host country
estimates for all countries and years. There was a significant increase in the
percent of births attended by a skilled birth attendant (p < 0.0001),
and 8 of 10 countries did not meet the standard of 100 % for all reporting
years. The percent of births performed by Caesarian section (p < 0.001),
were below the recommended minimum standard for nearly half of the countries
every year. There was a significant increase in the percent of women screened
for syphilis across years (p < 0.0001) and the percent of women who
received post HIV exposure prophylaxis (p < 0.0001) and 10 %
reached the standard for all reporting years, respectively.
Conclusion
Comprehensive,
consistent and comparable statistics on reproductive health provides an
opportunity to assess progress towards indicator standards. Despite some
improvements over time, this analysis confirms that most countries did not meet
standards and that there were differences in reproductive health indicators
between countries and across years. Consequently, the HIS periodic monitoring
of key reproductive health indicators at the camp level should continue. Data
should be used to improve intervention strategies.
Below: Proportion of women screened for syphilis annually by country. UNCHR target is 100 percent
Below: Rate of condom distribution* in the population by year. *Figure depicts percentage (monthly rate*100)
Below: Proportion of rape survivors who received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) within 72 h of an incident occurring. UNHCR target is 100 percent
By: 
Rollins School of
Public Health Grace Crum Rollins Building, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322
USA
Emergency
Response and Recovery Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for
Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road,
Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees, Case Postale 2500 CH-1211, Genève 2, Dépôt
Switzerland
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Wednesday, March 30, 2016
HIV/AIDS among Pastoralists & Refugees in North-East Africa: A Neglected Problem
The eight member states
(Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda) of
the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) have the largest
proportions of cross-border mobile pastoralists and refugees in Africa.
Although all IGAD countries have had national HIV/AIDS prevention, care and
treatment programmes since the late 1980s, the IGAD Regional HIV & AIDS
Partnership Program was (IRAPP) established in 2007 to mitigate the challenges
of HIV among neglected pastoral and refugee communities.
This article assesses vulnerability of pastoralists and refugee communities to HIV and interventions targeting these groups in the IGAD countries. Outcomes from this study may serve as a baseline for further research and to improve interventions. Published articles were accessed through web searches using PubMed and Google Scholar engines and unpublished documents were collected manually. The search terms were HIV risk behaviour, vulnerability, HIV prevalence and interventions, under the headings pastoralists, refugees, IGAD and north-east Africa for the period 2001-2014.
Of the 214 documents reviewed, 78 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Most HIV/AIDS related studies focusing of pastoral communities in IGAD countries were found to be limited in scope and coverage but reveal precarious situations.
Sero-prevalence among various pastoral populations ranged from 1% to 21% in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda and from 1% to 5% among refugees in Sudan, Kenya and Uganda. Socioeconomic, cultural, logistic, infrastructure and programmatic factors were found to contribute to continuing vulnerability to HIV. Interventions need to be further contextualised to the needs of those impoverished populations and integrated into national HIV/AIDS programmes. HIV/AIDS remains a major public health concern among the pastoral and refugee communities of IGAD countries.
This calls for IGAD to collaborate with national and international partners in designing and implementing more effective prevention and control programmes. Furthermore, interventions must extend beyond the health sector and improve the livelihood of these populations.
This article assesses vulnerability of pastoralists and refugee communities to HIV and interventions targeting these groups in the IGAD countries. Outcomes from this study may serve as a baseline for further research and to improve interventions. Published articles were accessed through web searches using PubMed and Google Scholar engines and unpublished documents were collected manually. The search terms were HIV risk behaviour, vulnerability, HIV prevalence and interventions, under the headings pastoralists, refugees, IGAD and north-east Africa for the period 2001-2014.
Of the 214 documents reviewed, 78 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Most HIV/AIDS related studies focusing of pastoral communities in IGAD countries were found to be limited in scope and coverage but reveal precarious situations.
Sero-prevalence among various pastoral populations ranged from 1% to 21% in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda and from 1% to 5% among refugees in Sudan, Kenya and Uganda. Socioeconomic, cultural, logistic, infrastructure and programmatic factors were found to contribute to continuing vulnerability to HIV. Interventions need to be further contextualised to the needs of those impoverished populations and integrated into national HIV/AIDS programmes. HIV/AIDS remains a major public health concern among the pastoral and refugee communities of IGAD countries.
This calls for IGAD to collaborate with national and international partners in designing and implementing more effective prevention and control programmes. Furthermore, interventions must extend beyond the health sector and improve the livelihood of these populations.
Purchase full article at: http://goo.gl/lquJ4T
By:
- 1 School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences , Addis Ababa University.
- 2 IGAD Regional HIV/AIDS Partnership Program-Programme Facilitation Office (IRAPP-PFO) , Kampala , Uganda.
- 3 Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) Secretariat , Djibouti.
- 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of California , San Francisco , USA.
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
Friday, March 25, 2016
Syphilis among U.S.-Bound Refugees, 2009-2013
U.S. immigration regulations
require clinical and serologic screening for syphilis for all U.S.-bound
refugees 15 years of age and older. We reviewed syphilis screening results
for all U.S.-bound refugees from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2013. We
calculated age-adjusted prevalence by region and nationality and assessed
factors associated with syphilis seropositivity using multivariable log
binomial regression models.
Among 233,446 refugees, we identified 874 syphilis
cases (373 cases per 100,000 refugees). The highest overall age-adjusted
prevalence rates of syphilis seropositivity were observed among refugees from
Africa (1340 cases per 100,000), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (397
cases per 100,000). In most regions, male sex, increasing age, and living in
non-refugee camp settings were associated with syphilis seropositivity.
Future
analysis of test results, stage of infection, and treatment delivery overseas
is warranted in order to determine the extent of transmission risk and benefits
of the screening program.
Purchase full article at: http://goo.gl/8wD4gT
By:
- 1Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. ENyangoma@cdc.gov.
- 2Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-03, Atlanta, GA, USA. ENyangoma@cdc.gov.
- 3Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-03, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- 5Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- J Immigr Minor Health. 2016 Mar 18.
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv insight
Monday, January 18, 2016
Tuesday, January 5, 2016
Measurement Invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory in Survivors of Torture and Trauma
The United States accepts more refugees than
any other industrialized nation. As refugee populations grow, mental health
professionals must implement culturally and ethnically appropriate strategies
to assess and treat individuals from diverse backgrounds.
Culture can exert a
powerful and often misunderstood influence on psychological assessment, and few
structured measures have been demonstrated to have adequate cross-cultural
validity for use with diverse and vulnerable populations such as survivors of torture.
This study examined the factor structure and equivalency of underlying
construct(s) of psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom
Inventory (BSI) in three samples who had survived torture and other severe
trauma from Tibet, West Africa and the Punjab region of India. Confirmatory
factor analyses provided support for configural invariance of a two-factor
model across the three samples, suggesting that the two latent factors of
Complex Dysphoria and Somatic Distress were present in each subgroup.
The data
provide additional support for the strict invariance model in the West
African–Tibetan dyad suggesting that scores are comparable across those two
groups. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
Purchase full article at:
http://goo.gl/GzgKiG
1College
of Mount Saint Vincent (https://www.mountsaintvincent.edu/), Bronx, NY, USA
Sumithra S. Raghavan, College of Mount Saint Vincent,
Founders Hall Room 429, 6301 Riverdale Avenue, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. Email:Sumithra.raghavan@mountsaintvincent.edu
J Interpers Violence December 27, 2015 0886260515619750
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insight
Friday, January 1, 2016
What The Eye Does Not See: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of European Union Policies Addressing Sexual Violence in Vulnerable Migrants
Abstract
In
Europe, refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are more vulnerable
to sexual victimisation than European citizens. They face more challenges when
seeking care. This literature review examines how legal and policy frameworks
at national, European and international levels condition the prevention of and
response to sexual violence affecting these vulnerable migrant communities
living in the European Union (EU).
Applying the Critical Interpretive Synthesis method, we reviewed 187 legal and policy documents and 80 peer-reviewed articles on migrant sexual health for elements on sexual violence and further analysed the 37 legal and 12 peer-reviewed articles among them that specifically focused on sexual violence in vulnerable migrants in the EU-27 States.
Legal and policy documents dealing with sexual violence, particularly but not exclusively in vulnerable migrants, apply ‘tunnel vision’. They ignore:
The current EU policy-making paradigm relegates sexual violence in vulnerable migrants as an ‘outsider’ and ‘female only’ issue while EU migration and asylum policies reinforce its invisibility. Effective response must be guided by participatory rights- and evidence-based policies and a public health approach, acknowledging the occurrence and multiplicity of sexual victimisation of vulnerable migrants of all genders within EU borders.
Applying the Critical Interpretive Synthesis method, we reviewed 187 legal and policy documents and 80 peer-reviewed articles on migrant sexual health for elements on sexual violence and further analysed the 37 legal and 12 peer-reviewed articles among them that specifically focused on sexual violence in vulnerable migrants in the EU-27 States.
Legal and policy documents dealing with sexual violence, particularly but not exclusively in vulnerable migrants, apply ‘tunnel vision’. They ignore:
- frequently occurring types of sexual violence,
- victimisation rates across genders and
- specific risk factors within the EU such as migrants’ legal status, gender orientation and living conditions.
The current EU policy-making paradigm relegates sexual violence in vulnerable migrants as an ‘outsider’ and ‘female only’ issue while EU migration and asylum policies reinforce its invisibility. Effective response must be guided by participatory rights- and evidence-based policies and a public health approach, acknowledging the occurrence and multiplicity of sexual victimisation of vulnerable migrants of all genders within EU borders.
Résumé
En
Europe, les réfugiés, les demandeurs d’asile et les migrants sans papiers sont
plus vulnérables à la victimisation sexuelle que les citoyens européens. Ils
rencontrent davantage d’obstacles pour obtenir des soins. Cet examen des publications
analyse comment les cadres juridiques et politiques aux niveaux national,
européen et international conditionnent la prévention et le traitement de la
violence sexuelle touchant ces communautés migrantes vulnérables qui vivent
dans l’Union européenne (UE). À l’aide de la méthode de synthèse interprétative
critique, nous avons recherché des éléments sur la violence sexuelle dans 187
documents juridiques et politiques et 80 articles publiés dans des revues à
comité de lecture sur la santé sexuelle des migrants. Parmi ces documents, nous
avons également analysé les 37 articles juridiques et 12 articles de revues à
comité de lecture qui traitaient spécifiquement de la violence sexuelle chez
les migrants vulnérables dans les 27 pays de l’UE. Les documents politiques et
juridiques abordant la violence sexuelle, en particulier, mais pas
exclusivement chez les migrants vulnérables, appliquent une « vision étroite ».
Ils ignorent : a) les types fréquents de violence sexuelle ; b) les taux de
victimisation entre sexes ; et c) les facteurs spécifiques de risque au sein de
l’UE, comme la situation juridique des migrants, leur orientation sexuelle et
leurs conditions de vie. Actuellement, le paradigme politique de l’UE confine
la violence sexuelle chez les migrants vulnérables à une question « extérieure
» et « uniquement féminine », alors que les politiques de l’UE en matière de
migrations et d’asile renforcent son invisibilité. Pour être opérante, la
riposte doit être guidée par des politiques participatives à base factuelle et
fondées sur les droits, et par une approche de santé publique, et elle doit
reconnaître la réalité et la multiplicité de la victimisation sexuelle des
migrants vulnérables de tous les sexes au sein des frontières de l’UE.
Resumen
En Europa,
refugiados, solicitantes de asilo y migrantes indocumentados son más
vulnerables a la persecución sexual que la ciudadanía europea. Enfrentan más
retos cuando buscan atención médica. Esta revisión de la literatura examina
cómo los marcos jurídicos y políticos a nivel nacional, europeo e internacional
condicionan la prevención de y respuesta a la violencia sexual que afecta a
estas comunidades de migrantes vulnerables que viven en la Unión Europea (UE).
Aplicando el método de Síntesis Interpretativa Crítica, revisamos 187
documentos jurídicos y políticos y 80 artículos revisados por pares sobre la
salud sexual de migrantes, en busca de elementos de violencia sexual; de estos,
analizamos los 37 artículos jurídicos y 12 artículos revisados por pares enfocados
específicamente en violencia sexual contra migrantes vulnerables en la UE-27
Estados. Los documentos jurídicos y políticos que tratan sobre violencia
sexual, particular pero no exclusivamente en migrantes vulnerables, aplican la
‘visión de túnel’. Hacen caso omiso de: a) los tipos de violencia sexual que
ocurren con frecuencia, b) las tasas de persecución de todos los géneros c)
factores de riesgo específicos en la UE, tales como el estatus legal,
orientación de género y condiciones de vida de cada migrante. El paradigma de
formulación de políticas de la UE relega la violencia sexual en migrantes
vulnerables como un asunto de ‘extranjeros’ y ‘mujeres únicamente’, mientras
que las políticas de migración y asilo de la UE reafirman su invisibilidad. Una
respuesta eficaz debe ser guiada por políticas participativas basadas en
derechos y evidencia y un enfoque en salud pública, reconociendo la ocurrencia
y multiplicidad de la persecución sexual de migrantes vulnerables de todos los
géneros dentro de las fronteras de la UE.
Full article at: http://goo.gl/JRNwgS
By:
International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH)
Ghent University
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv
insight
Sunday, December 27, 2015
ASPIRE: A Multi-Site Community-Based Participatory Research Project to Increase Understanding of the Dynamics of Violence Against Immigrant & Refugee Women in Australia
Background
One in three women
around the world are or have been subjected to violence. This includes in
Australia, where violence against women is an urgent public health and human
rights issue. Immigrant and refugee women who have resettled in Australia are
known to face barriers accessing services aimed at preventing and responding to
family violence. However there is little evidence about the contexts, nature
and dynamics of violence against immigrant and refugee women to inform
appropriate responses to enhance their safety and well-being. The ASPIRE project
will address this gap by identifying opportunities for the development of
responsive local and community-based interventions for family violence against
immigrant and refugee women, contributing to the currently limited Australian
research in this area.
Methods/Design
This participatory
research project will work with communities in eight geographic locations (two
inner-city, three outer-suburban, and three regional) across two states
(Victoria and Tasmania), to generate evidence about immigrant and refugee
women’s experiences in a range of settings. The project will engage
stakeholders and communities through extensive consultation prior to data
collection and by facilitating community members’ participation in generating
and analysing data. A mix of qualitative methods will be used to generate rich
data about the family, cultural and place-based contexts that shape the
prevalence and dynamics of violence against immigrant and refugee women;
women’s prevention and help-seeking efforts; and community attitudes about and
responses to violence across a range of cultural groups. Methods include
in-depth interviews with women who have experienced family violence, key
informant interviews with local community service providers, focus group
discussions with men and women from predominant cultural groups that have
migrated to areas covered by the research sites, and Photovoice with community
leaders. Bilingual health educators will contribute to development of the
research approach, the collection and analysis of data, and the dissemination
of findings.
Discussion
Findings from this
two-year study will be disseminated to communities, service providers and
policy-makers, providing evidence to inform culturally-appropriate prevention
and support interventions, and building local communities’ awareness and
capacity to respond to violence against immigrant and refugee women.
Full article at: http://goo.gl/lzky4f
By: 
Adele Murdolo, Linda Murray, Erin Davis, Jasmin Chen, Karen Block, Regina Quiazon, and Deb Warr
Adele Murdolo, Linda Murray, Erin Davis, Jasmin Chen, Karen Block, Regina Quiazon, and Deb Warr
Centre for Health
Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
Multicultural
Centre for Women’s Health, Suite 207, Level 2, 134 Cambridge St, Collingwood,
VIC 3066 Australia
School of
Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7005
Australia
Cathy Vaughan, Email: ua.ude.bleminu@nahguav.c.
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv_insight
Tuesday, December 22, 2015
Saturday, December 19, 2015
Audit of Antenatal Screening for Syphilis & HIV in Migrant & Refugee Women on the Thai-Myanmar Border: A Descriptive Study
OBJECTIVE:
METHODS:
RESULTS:
CONCLUSION:
Table 2.
Trends in antenatal HIV and syphilis prevalence (95% CI) in migrant and refugee women at SMRU from surrounding areas of Thailand and Myanmar.
| Population | 1997 Cross-sectional | 2005 Cross-sectional | Aug-2012–Jul-2013 Population cohort | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syphilis | Refugee a, b | 0 (0–0.9)% (0/404) | 0.40 (0.1–1.2)% (3/741) | 0.07 (0.01–0.38)% (1/1,469) |
| Migrant a, b | n.a | 0 (0–1.6) (0/234) | 0.61 (0.36–1.04)% (13/2,123) | |
| Thailand c | n.a | 0.13% | 0.1% | |
| Myanmar c | n.a. | 2.0% | 0.32 (0.24–0.43)% (45/13,995) | |
| Myawaddy c | 0.50 (0.14–0.18)% (2/400) | |||
| HIV | Refugee b | 0.2 (0–1.1)% (0/500) | 0.40 (0.1–1.4)% (2/500) | 0.27 (0.11–0.70)% (4/1,474) |
| Migrant b | n.a | n.a. | 0.61 (0.36–1.04)% (13/2,125) | |
| Thailand c | 1.75% | 0.86% | 0.59% | |
| Myanmar c | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.80 (0.67–0.96)% (112/13995) | |
| Myawaddy c | 1.5 (0.39–2.54)% (4/400) |
aSerological syphilis positive using the same criteria, and the same hospital for confirmatory testing at each survey time point; n.a. not available
bData from refugee and migrant populations in 1997 and 2005; published in reference 7
Full article at: http://goo.gl/3Vgteu
By:
- 1Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, 63110, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, 63110, Thailand ; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand ; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- 2Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, 63110, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, 63110, Thailand.
- 3Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv_insight
Friday, December 4, 2015
Relation of Psychosocial Factors to Diverse Behaviors and Attitudes among Somali Refugees
Refugee studies have examined
both resilience and adverse outcomes, but no research has examined how
different outcomes co-occur or are distinct, and the social-contextual factors
that give rise to these diverse outcomes.
The current study begins to address
this gap by using latent profile analysis to examine the ways in which
delinquency, gang involvement, civic engagement, political engagement, and
openness to violent extremism cluster among Somali refugees. We then use
multivariable regression analyses to examine how adversity (e.g.,
discrimination, trauma, and marginalization) is associated with the identified
latent classes. Data were collected from 374 Somali refugee young adults (Mage
= 21.30 years, SD = 2.90, range 18-30, 38% female) from 4 different North
American communities.
Participants completed a structured survey assessing
their experiences of adversity, delinquent and/or violent attitudes and
behaviors (e.g., attitudes toward violent extremism, participation in
delinquent behaviors, involvement in gangs), and positive outcomes (e.g., civic
and political engagement).
Our findings indicate that participants fall into 5
distinct groups, and that social-contextual and individual factors are uniquely
related to those groups. Specifically, strong social bonds seem to be
associated with positive outcomes.
These findings point to the need to further
examine both positive and negative outcomes, paying special attention to
social-contextual factors.
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By:
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Tuesday, December 1, 2015
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Proposed Overseas Refugee Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening & Treatment Program
Background
This
study explored the effect of screening and treatment of refugees for latent
tuberculosis infection (LTBI) before entrance to the United States as a
strategy for reducing active tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of this study was
to estimate the costs and benefits of LTBI screening and treatment in United
States bound refugees prior to arrival.
Methods
Costs
were included for foreign and domestic LTBI screening and treatment and the
domestic treatment of active TB. A decision tree with multiple Markov nodes was
developed to determine the total costs and number of active TB cases that
occurred in refugee populations that tested 55, 35, and 20 % tuberculin
skin test positive under two models: no overseas LTBI screening and overseas
LTBI screening and treatment. For this analysis, refugees that tested 55, 35,
and 20 % tuberculin skin test positive were divided into high, moderate, and
low LTBI prevalence categories to denote their prevalence of LTBI relative to
other refugee populations.
Results
For
a hypothetical 1-year cohort of 100,000 refugees arriving in the United States
from regions with high, moderate, and low LTBI prevalence, implementation of
overseas screening would be expected to prevent 440, 220, and 57 active TB
cases in the United States during the first 20 years after arrival. The
cost savings associated with treatment of these averted cases would offset the
cost of LTBI screening and treatment for refugees from countries with high (net
cost-saving: $4.9 million) and moderate (net cost-saving: $1.6 million) LTBI
prevalence. For low LTBI prevalence populations, LTBI screening and treatment
exceed expected future TB treatment cost savings (net cost of $780,000).
Conclusions
Implementing
LTBI screening and treatment for United States bound refugees from countries
with high or moderate LTBI prevalence would potentially save millions of
dollars and contribute to United States TB elimination goals. These estimates
are conservative since secondary transmission from tuberculosis cases in the
United States was not considered in the model.
Below: Proportion of Refugees with
LTBI Completing Treatment with 12 Weekly Doses of Isoniazid and Rifapentine.
LTBI = latent tuberculosis
infection; TST = tuberculin
skin test; With no overseas screening, all screening and treatment for LTBI
takes place in the United States. With overseas screening, initial screening
takes place overseas and TST positive refugees are offered treatment overseas.
Below: Total Cost Incurred with Two Programs for Identifying and
Treating LTBI in 100,000 U.S. -Bound Refugees. LTBI = latent tuberculosis
infection; TST = tuberculin skin test; U.S. = United States. With no overseas
screening, all screening and treatment for LTBI takes place in the U.S. With
overseas screening, initial screening takes place overseas and TST positive
refugees are offered treatment overseas. Costs incurred overseas include the
TST, 12 weeks of once-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid, and labor to
administer the medications. Costs incurred domestically include the TST,
12 weeks of once-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid, labor to administer the
medications, and treatment of active TB patients
Full article at: http://goo.gl/XxFOj2
By:
Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
More at: https://twitter.com/hiv_insight
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