Gendered Contexts: Psychopathy and Drug Use in Relation to Sex Work and Exchange

Few scholars have examined psychopathology correlates of sex work. It has been suggested that sex work may reflect manifestations of impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits (e.g., reckless disregard, delinquency) in women more than men. 

The current work examined relative contributions of drug dependence and distinct psychopathic features in relation to traditional forms of sex work (i.e., prostitution) in women, along with gender differences in psychopathy relationships with casual forms of sex exchange (i.e., trading sex for necessities). 

Study 1 included 171 community-dwelling women offenders, and Study 2 included 319 participants (42.3% women) with histories of drug use and/or violence. Participants completed the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, prostitution was measured as self-report and/or public record data across studies, and sex exchange in Study 2 was assessed using a questionnaire based on prior research on sexual risk-taking. 

Findings across both studies demonstrated that although psychopathic traits, particularly impulsive-antisocial features, were associated with prostitution in women above the use of drugs, drug dependence did not moderate the relationship between psychopathic traits and prostitution in women. 

Analyses of Study 2 data revealed that impulsive-antisocial traits were associated with sex exchange at low, but not high, levels of interpersonal-affective traits across participants. As well, interpersonal-affective traits were significantly positively related to sex exchange in men and not significantly (and negatively) related in women. 

In sum, impulsive-antisocial traits related to prostitution among women, suggesting that women may manifest these traits within intimate contexts. Moreover, findings indicated gender differences in the manifestation of interpersonal-affective traits within sexual exchange contexts.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/ewq3Pg

By:  Edwards BG, Verona E. [Vitae]

Department of Psychology, University of South Florida

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Discriminant Factors for Adolescent Sexual Offending: On the Usefulness of Considering Both Victim Age & Sibling Incest

Understanding the pathways and circumstances of juvenile sexual offending is of utmost importance. However, juvenile sexual offenders (JSO) represent an especially diverse group of individuals, and several categorizations have been proposed to obtain more homogeneous subgroups. Victim age-based and family relation-based categorizations are particularly promising because they seem theoretically and clinically relevant. Empirical results however are still inconsistent, and most studies have not considered these two dimensions jointly. 

The first goal of this study was to further examine the value of subgrouping JSO according to the age of their victim. A second goal was to determine the supplementary value, if any, of considering sibling incest. Based on a sample of 351 male JSO, it was first confirmed that sexual abuse of children was more strongly related to asociality (social skill deficits) than sexual abuse of peers, the latter being more closely associated with antisociality (general delinquency). 

The relevance of considering mixed-type JSO (with both child and peer victims) separately was also confirmed. More importantly, multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that adding sibling incest to the equation was useful. JSO of intra-familial child were significantly more likely to have been victimized during their own childhood compared to JSO with extra-familial victims. Nevertheless, adolescents who had committed sibling incest obtained middle ground results on most variables (except for crime severity), suggesting that they constitute a distinct but not extreme, subgroup. 

This study confirmed the utility of using both the age and the family relation with the victim in characterizing juvenile sexual offending.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/rSU1wu

By:  Joyal CC1, Carpentier J1, Martin C1.

• 1Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, G9A 5H7; Research Center, Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; International Center for Comparative Criminology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 
• Child Abuse Negl. 2016 Feb 19;54:10-22. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.006.

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Functions of Aggression & Delinquency: The Moderating Role of Parent Criminality & Friends' Gang Membership

This study examined the relationships between two functions of aggression (i.e., reactive and proactive) and delinquency, including the moderating effects of parent criminality and friends' gang membership, in a sample of 1,027 Singaporean adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 9, with age ranging from 12 to 19 years (M = 14.10, SD = 1.15). 

Findings suggested that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression significantly and positively predicted delinquency (after controlling for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively), with proactive aggression being a stronger predictor. Friends' gang membership was found to moderate the relationship between reactive aggression and delinquency, and proactive aggression and delinquency, with stronger moderator effects for the latter. Those who were aggressive proactively and who had friends in a gang appear to be impacted most negatively with respect to delinquency. Parent criminality did not moderate these relationships. 

These findings highlight the need to effectively address the issues of child and adolescent aggression. Also, developing positive peer relations early is crucial for delinquency prevention.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/SAhYBC

By:  Ang RP1, Huan VS2, Li X2, Chan WT2.

• 1National Institue of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore rebecca.ang@nie.edu.sg.
• 2National Institue of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 
• J Interpers Violence. 2016 Mar 2. pii: 0886260516636066.

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Early Life Risks, Antisocial Tendencies & Preteen Delinquency

Early age-of-onset delinquency and substance use confer a major risk for continued criminality, alcohol and drug abuse, and other serious difficulties throughout the life course. Our objective is to examine the developmental roots of preteen delinquency and substance use. 

Using nationally representative longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 13,221), we examine the influence of early childhood developmental and family risks on latent pathways of antisocial tendencies from ages 3 to 7, and the influence of those pathways on property crime and substance use by age 11. We identified a normative, non-antisocial pathway; a pathway marked by oppositional behavior and fighting; a pathway marked by impulsivity and inattention; and a rare pathway characterized by a wide range of antisocial tendencies. 

Children with developmental and family risks that emerged by age 3-specifically difficult infant temperament, low cognitive ability, weak parental closeness, and disadvantaged family background-face increased odds of antisocial tendencies. There is minimal overlap between the risk factors for early antisocial tendencies and those for preteen delinquency. Children on an antisocial pathway are more likely to engage in preteen delinquency and substance use by age 11, even after accounting for early life risk factors.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/A7otXL

By:  Staff J1, Whichard C1, Siennick S2, Maggs J1.

• 1Pennsylvania State University.
• 2Florida State University. 
• Criminology. 2015 Nov;53(4):677-701. Epub 2015 Oct 20.

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Multidimensional Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Usual Care for Adolescent Conduct Problems & Substance Use

This study investigated baseline client characteristics that predicted long-term treatment outcomes among adolescents referred from school and community sources and enrolled in usual care for conduct and substance use problems. 

Predictor effects for multiple demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity), clinical (baseline symptom severity, comorbidity, family discord), and developmental psychopathology (behavioral dysregulation, depression, peer delinquency) characteristics were examined. Participants were 205 adolescents (52 % male; mean age 15.7 years) from diverse backgrounds (59 % Hispanic American, 21 % African American, 15 % multiracial, 6 % other) residing in a large inner-city area. 

As expected, characteristics from all three predictor categories were related to various aspects of change in externalizing problems, delinquent acts, and substance use at one-year follow-up. The strongest predictive effect was found for baseline symptom severity: Youth with greater severity showed greater clinical gains. Higher levels of co-occurring developmental psychopathology characteristics likewise predicted better outcomes. 

Exploratory analyses showed that change over time in developmental psychopathology characteristics (peer delinquency, depression) was related to change in delinquent acts and substance use. Implications for serving multiproblem adolescents and tailoring treatment plans in routine care are discussed.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/PKP3SG

By:  Hogue A1, Henderson CE2, Schmidt AT2.

• 1The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 633 Third Avenue, 19th floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA. ahogue@casacolumbia.org.
• 2Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
• Adm Policy Ment Health. 2016 Feb 16. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Impulsive Aggression as a Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE:

This article examines the characteristics of impulsive aggression (IA) as a comorbidity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on its incidence, impact on ADHD outcomes, need for timely intervention, and limitations of current treatment practices.

METHODS:

Relevant literature was retrieved with electronic searches in PubMed and PsycINFO using the search strategy of "ADHD OR attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" AND "impulsive aggression OR reactive aggression OR hostile aggression OR overt aggression" AND "pediatric OR childhood OR children OR pre-adolescent OR adolescent" with separate searches using review OR clinical trial as search limits. Key articles published before the 2007 Expert Consensus Report on IA were identified using citation analysis.

RESULTS:

More than 50% of preadolescents with ADHD combined subtype reportedly display clinically significant aggression, with impulsive aggression being the predominant subtype. Impulsive aggression is strongly predictive of a highly unfavorable developmental trajectory characterized by the potential for persistent ADHD, increasing psychosocial burden, accumulating comorbidities, serious lifelong functional deficits across a broad range of domains, delinquency/criminality, and adult antisocial behavior. Impulsive aggression, which triggers peer rejection and a vicious cycle of escalating dysfunction, may be a key factor in unfavorable psychosocial outcomes attributed to ADHD. Because severe aggressive behavior does not remit in many children when treated with primary ADHD therapy (i.e., stimulants and behavioral therapy), a common practice is to add medication of a different class to specifically target aggressive behavior.

CONCLUSIONS:

Impulsive aggression in children and adolescents with ADHD is a serious clinical and public health problem. Although adjunctive therapy with an aggression-targeted agent is widely recommended when aggressive behaviors do not remit with primary ADHD therapy, empirical evidence does not currently support the use of any specific agent. Randomized controlled trials are needed to identify aggression-targeted agents with favorable benefit-risk profiles.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/N6nFfG

By:  Saylor KE1, Amann BH2.

• 1 NeuroScience, Inc. , Herndon, Virginia.
• 2 Behavioral Medical Center , Troy, Michigan. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison Health

Patterns of Substance Use, Delinquency, and Risk Factors among Adolescent Inhalant Users

Background

Despite insidious effects, use of inhalant substances by adolescents remains an understudied phenomenon.

Objective

This research was designed to identify patterns of past year substance use and delinquency among adolescent inhalant users.

Method

The study used a sample of adolescent inhalant users (ages ranged from 12-17 years, n = 7,476) taken from a pooled sample of the 2002 through 2012 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Three-step latent class analyses were conducted with past year substance use and delinquency behaviors as class indicators. Demographic and social covariates were included in the analyses.

Results

Analyses yielded a six-class solution comprised of classes of users characterized by low substance use/low delinquency, high substance use/low delinquency, low substance use/fighting, cigarettes/alcohol/marijuana, high substance use/high delinquency, and cigarettes/alcohol/marijuana/opioids/moderate delinquency.

Conclusions

Findings provide insight into the taxonomy of adolescent inhalant user heterogeneity, and may inform future efforts at detection and prevention of inhalant use by suggesting warning signs of co-occurring externalizing behaviors and possible indications of underlying internalized issues.

Below:  Six class solution for the subsample of adolescent inhalant users (12-17 years old)

Full article at:   http://goo.gl/lkcGSY

By:   Brandon Nakawaki and William Crano

Claremont Graduate University, Department of Psychology, Claremont, Califonia, USA

Address correspondence to Brandon Nakawaki, Claremont Graduate University, Department of Psychology, 123 E 8th St, Claremont, CA 91711, USA. Email: ude.ugc@ikawakan.nodnarb

  

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Has Psychiatric Medication Reduced Crime and Delinquency?

Several strands of research are consistent with the possibility that expansions in psychiatric medication usage have reduced crime and delinquency. Estimates suggest that medication usage has increased to as much as 9% of the youth population and up to 20% of the adult population in the United States and is high among populations associated with the criminal justice system. 

Studies show that four classes of commonly used psychiatric medication do reduce aggressive behavior, and crime rates are lower among diagnosed patients receiving such medications compared to those not. Prescriptions for medication increased fivefold for youth during the time that crime has declined in the United States and elsewhere, and two population-level analyses find some association between prescription rates and crime trends over time. 

However, true experimental studies are lacking, and one of the better trend studies does not show strong associations. This article proposes a research agenda for this issue.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/RUu6bd

By:   Finkelhor D1, Johnson M2.

• 1Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA david.finkelhor@unh.edu.
• 2Justice Studies Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Two-Year Predictors of Runaway and Homeless Episodes Following Shelter Services among Substance Abusing Adolescents

Given high levels of health and psychological costs associated with the family disruption of homelessness, identifying predictors of runaway and homeless episodes is an important goal. The current study followed 179 substance abusing, shelter-recruited adolescents who participated in a randomized clinical trial. Predictors of runaway and homeless episodes were examined over a two year period. Results from the hierarchical linear modeling analysis showed that family cohesion and substance use, but not family conflict or depressive symptoms, delinquency, or school enrollment predicted future runaway and homeless episodes. Findings suggest that increasing family support, care and connection and reducing substance use are important targets of intervention efforts in preventing future runaway and homeless episodes amongst a high risk sample of adolescents.

In the U.S., approximately 1.7 million adolescents runaway each year, with an estimated 19.4% of adolescents experiencing a runaway/homeless episode by the time they are 18-years-old (Hammer, Finkelhor, & Sedlack, 2002; Pergamit, 2010). Furthermore, 51.2% of runaway adolescents report multiple runaway/homeless episodes (Pergamit, 2010). While some adolescents chose to leave home, others are forced or encouraged to leave home (Hammer et al., 2002). Runaway adolescents are exposed to several risks both prior to and after leaving home (Hammer et al., 2002). The majority of these adolescents report negative family environments, with high rates of family conflict and low rates of support and connection (Slesnick et al., 2009). While away from home, adolescents are exposed to further risks, with many adolescents reporting substance abuse and depressive symptoms (Greene, Ennett, & Ringwalt, 1997;Thompson, Pollio, Constantine, Reid, & Nebbit, 2002; Yates, MacKenzie, Pennbridge, & Cohen, 1988). In order to address the risks experienced by these adolescents, interventions have been developed to address both family and individual challenges.

Crisis shelters are the primary intervention for runaway adolescents (Greene, Ringwalt, & Iachan, 1997). Since the majority of adolescents return home following their stay in a shelter, family therapy interventions have also been developed and recommended for these families (Slesnick & Prestopnik, 2005). Following participation in treatment, adolescents report improved outcomes, including reduced substance use and improved behavioral and emotional functioning (Barber et al., 2005; Slesnick & Prestopnik, 2005; Slesnick, Erdem, Bartle-Haring, & Brigham, in press). However, many of the positive effects of treatment fade over time and repeat runway/homeless episodes are common (Baker et al., 2003; Pollio, et al. 2006). Among a study of shelter using youth, Baker and colleagues (2003) found 18% of first time runaways and 34% of repeat runaways returned to the shelter within a year following discharge. While previous studies have identified factors that predict an initial runaway episode, less is known about factors that predict repeat runaway and homeless episodes following participation in treatment. Since both individual and family factors predict initial runaway episodes, the current study sought to identify both individual and family factors that predict repeat runaway and homeless episodes across time following adolescents’ stay in a runaway shelter and participation in treatment.

Full article at: http://goo.gl/qa8cbX

By:   Natasha Slesnick, Ph.D.,1 Xiamei Guo, M.S., Brittany Brakenhoff, M.S., and Xin Feng, Ph.D.

Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University

¹Corresponding Author. Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio, State University, 135 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: (614) 247-8469; FAX: (614) 292-4365. Email: ude.uso@5.kcinsels

 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Aggressive Delinquency among North American Indigenous Adolescents: Trajectories & Predictors

Aggressive delinquency is a salient social problem for many North American Indigenous (American Indian, Canadian First Nations) communities, and can have deleterious consequences later in life. Yet there is a paucity of research on Indigenous delinquency. Group-based trajectory modeling is used to prospectively examine trajectories of aggressive delinquency over the course of adolescence using data from 646 Indigenous adolescents from a single culture, spanning the ages of 10-19. 

Five aggression trajectory groups were identified, characterized by different levels and ages of onset and desistence: non-offenders (22.1%), moderate desistors (19.9%), adolescent-limited offenders (22.2%), high desistors (16.7%), and chronic offenders (19.2%). Using the social development model of antisocial behavior, we selected relevant risk and protective factors predicted to discriminate among those most and least likely to engage in more aggressive behavior. 

Higher levels of risk (i.e., parent rejection, delinquent peers, substance use, and early dating) in early adolescence were associated with being in the two groups with the highest levels of aggressive delinquency. Positive school adjustment, the only significant protective factor, was associated with being in the lowest aggression trajectory groups. 

The results provide important information that could be used in developing prevention and intervention programs, particularly regarding vulnerable ages as well as malleable risk factors. Identifying those youth most at risk of engaging in higher levels of aggression may be key to preventing delinquency and reducing the over-representation of Indigenous youth in the justice system.

Purchase full article at:  http://goo.gl/RJQT6X

By:  Sittner KJ1, Hautala D2.

• 1Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
• 2Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And:        http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Chronic Neglect and Aggression/Delinquency: A Longitudinal Examination

Neglect is the most common form of maltreatment in the United States, yet its impact on development remains understudied, especially for chronic neglect. Chronic neglect is also one of the most costly burdens on child welfare systems. 

This study examines the effects of chronic neglect, including two subtypes (Failure to Provide and Lack of Supervision) on adolescent aggression and delinquency using a diverse longitudinal sample of youth. Chronic neglect and chronic failure to provide (ages 0-12) predicted aggression/delinquency (age 14) even after controlling for the effects of other maltreatment (ages 0-12). Chronic lack of supervision, however, did not. 

Gender significantly moderated these effects, suggesting that males are more likely to respond to neglect by becoming aggressive/delinquent. Finally, social problems (age 12) partially mediated for boys, and fully mediated for girls, the connections between chronic neglect and aggression/delinquency, bolstering theorizing that neglect impairs social functioning broadly. 

Implications include the need for further research on chronic neglect, especially in providing guidance for child welfare systems. Interventions for chronically neglected youth should include social skill development.

Purchase full article at:  http://goo.gl/okBgAI

By:  Logan-Greene P1, Semanchin Jones A1.

• 1School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, USA. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And:        http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Adolescent Substance Misusers With & Without Delinquency: Death, Mental & Physical Disorders & Criminal Convictions from Age 21 to 45

Little is known about adult outcomes of males who as adolescents sought treatment for alcohol misuse or drug use, and who additionally were engaging or not engaging in other forms of delinquency. 

Since the rates of negative outcomes vary in the general population, the study determined whether the sub-groups of clinic attendees fared differently as compared to males of the same age who had not sought treatment for substance misuse from age 21 to 45. Adolescent males who consulted the only substance misuse clinic in a Swedish city between 1968 and1971 were divided into four groups: ALCOHOL no drug use, no criminal offending (n=52); ALCOHOL+D no drug use, plus criminal offending (n=105); DRUG use, nocriminal offending (n=92); and DRUG+D plus criminal offending (n=474). These four groups were compared to a general population sample (GP) of males matched on age and birthplace, who did not seek treatment for SM in adolescence. 

National Swedish registers provided data on death, hospitalizations for substance misuse (SM), mental and physical disorders, and criminal convictions. Compared to the GP, and after controlling for co-occurring adult outcomes, ALCOHOL showed elevated risks for SM hospitalization and convictions for violent crimes, and DRUG showed elevated risks for SM hospitalization, convictions for non-violent crimes, and hospitalization for psychosis. ALCOHOL+D and DRUG+D showed increased risk for SM hospitalization, violent and non-violent convictions, and DRUG+D additionally, for death, and hospitalizations for psychosis and physical illness. 

Misuse of alcohol without drug use or other delinquency in adolescence was associated with increased risk for convictions for violent crimes during the subsequent 25 years, in addition to SM, while adolescent drug use without other forms of delinquency was associated with increased risks for convictions for non-violent crimes, hospitalizations for SM, and non-affective psychosis. Cannabis use, with and without delinquency, was associated with subsequent hospitalization for non-affective psychosis. 

Consistent with contemporary studies, most adolescents treated for SM from 1968-1971 presented delinquency that was associated with an increase in risk of all adverse outcomes to age 45.

Purchase full article at:  http://goo.gl/LbpdJj

By:  Larm P1, Silva TC2, Hodgins S3.

• 1Maria Ungdom Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research Västerås, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital Västerås, Västerås, Sweden. Electronic address: peter.larm@ltv.se.
• 2Center for Developmental Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
• 3Maria Ungdom Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And:        http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Filipino Mothers’ Self-Efficacy in Managing Anger and in Parenting, and Parental Rejection as Predictors of Child Delinquency

The authors tested a model in which Filipino mothers’ self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation influenced child delinquency via two parenting variables: parental self-efficacy and parental rejection. Structured interviews were conducted with 99 mothers twice with an interval of one year with efficacy beliefs and rejection measured in the first year and child delinquency data collected in the following year. Path analyses showed that self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation negatively predicted child delinquency indirectly through the sequential mediation of parental self-efficacy and parental rejection. Results provided further evidence for the importance of efficacy beliefs, particularly self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation and parental self-efficacy, in the domain of child development.

...Filipino mothers’ Self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation (SEMAI) indirectly contributed to child delinquency via two parenting variables, parental self-efficacy (PSE) and parental rejection. Mothers’ beliefs in their ability to ameliorate and control their anger predicted more efficacious beliefs in their parenting, similar to the finding of Caprara and Steca (2006). Higher PSE is then related to lower tendencies to be rejecting towards children, a finding that coincides with earlier studies (e.g.,Sanders & Woolley, 2005). Finally, consistent with the literature (e.g., Hoeve et al., 2009), mothers who were more rejecting of their child reported subsequently higher incidence of child delinquency.

The proposed direct link between SEMAI and parental rejection, however, was not supported. Instead, their relation is fully mediated by PSE. This specific finding is not consistent with the literature (e.g., Peterson et al., 1994) and needs to be clarified in future studies, perhaps using measures specific to managing negative emotions in the domain of parenting. Because the measure for SEMAI focused on anger in general, not specifically in the context of parenting or the family, it is possible that mothers reflected on their experiences outside the home or in situations that may not have to do with their child. This may have resulted in the lack of direct association between SEMAI and parental rejection. Between SEMAI and PSE, it is conceivable that mothers rely more on their PSE in preventing themselves from resorting to rejecting parenting practices. This may be particularly true for Filipino parents who regard their child’s behavior, whether positive or negative, as a reflection of the quality of their parenting (Durbrow et al., 2001; Alampay & Jocson, 2011).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, maintaining a strong belief in one’s ability to manage anger is associated with mothers’ higher beliefs in their competence in childrearing, which is then related to lower rejecting behaviors with children and ultimately lower reports of child delinquency. Simons and Gordon (2006) explained that rejected children experience a lot of anger and develop a distorted and negative view of the world and, thus, become more prone to delinquency. If mothers are more confident in their ability to manage their negative emotions, this could lead to more competent parent efficacy beliefs and behaviors that can protect children from delinquency. Post hoc analyses indicate that these relations hold regardless of socioeconomic status and child gender...

  

Full article at:  http://goo.gl/w27mqH

By:  

Mary Angeline A. Daganzo and Liane Peña Alampay

Ateneo de Manila University

Jennifer E. Lansford

Duke University

Duke University

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And:        http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Relationship of Aggression, Negative Affect, Substance Use Problems & Childhood Delinquency to DWI Recidivism

BACKGROUND:

Driving under the influence remains a pervasive problem. Approximately 30% of those arrested for impaired driving offenses each year are repeat offenders, suggesting that current rehabilitative efforts are not sufficiently effective for reducing driving while intoxicated (DWI) recidivism. Aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency have been noted in the population of impaired drivers, but study of these variables on recidivism has been limited.

OBJECTIVES:

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency on DWI recidivism among first time offenders.

METHODS:

In 1992, 6436 individuals in impaired driver programs in New York State were surveyed. A total of 3511 individuals provided names so that state driver abstracts could be reviewed in the future. A total of 2043 matches were found and 1770 remained after excluding those with previous DWI convictions. Driver records were reviewed in 2010 and 2012, providing between 18 and 20 years of follow-up.

RESULTS:

During the follow-up period, 16.5% of individuals were arrested for an impaired driving offense. Multivariate analysis suggested that recidivism was a function of several problems, including: alcohol problem severity, aggression, negative affect, drug problem severity, criminal history, and childhood delinquency.

CONCLUSION:

Impaired driving programs should assess for childhood delinquency, aggressive tendencies, and negative affect as these constructs, along with substance use, are evident among impaired drivers who recidivate. Interventions addressing aggression and negative affect may ultimately prove useful in reducing recidivism.

Purchase full article at:   http://goo.gl/xyRcBH

By:  Linn BK1, Nochajski T1, Wieczorek W2.

• 1 School of Social Work , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Amherst , NY , USA.
• 2 Buffalo State College , Buffalo , NY , USA. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And:        http://twitter.com/Prison_Health

Early Callous-Unemotional Behavior, Theory-of-Mind, and a Fearful/Inhibited Temperament Predict Externalizing Problems in Middle and Late Childhood

Childhood externalizing problems are more likely to be severe and persistent when combined with high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) behavior. A handful of recent studies have shown that CU behavior can also be reliably measured in the early preschool years, which may help to identify young children who are less likely to desist from early externalizing behaviors. 

The current study extends previous literature by examining the role of CU behavior in very early childhood in the prediction of externalizing problems in both middle and late childhood, and tests whether other relevant child characteristics, including Theory-of-Mind (ToM) and fearful/inhibited temperament moderate these pathways. 

Multi-method data, including parent reports of child CU behavior and fearful/inhibited temperament, observations of ToM, and teacher-reported externalizing problems were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study of children assessed at ages 3, 6, and 10 (N = 241; 48 % female). Results demonstrated that high levels of CU behavior predicted externalizing problems at ages 6 and 10 over and above the effect of earlier externalizing problems at age 3, but that these main effects were qualified by two interactions. High CU behavior was related to higher levels of externalizing problems specifically for children with low ToM and a low fearful/inhibited temperament. 

The results show that a multitude of child characteristics likely interact across development to increase or buffer risk for child externalizing problems. These findings can inform the development of targeted early prevention and intervention for children with high CU behavior.

Purchase full article at:  http://goo.gl/p4s8Wn

By:   Song JH1, Waller R2, Hyde LW3, Olson SL3.

• 1Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jjhsong@umich.edu.
• 2Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
• 3Department of Psychology, Center for Human Growth and Development, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 

More at:  https://twitter.com/hiv_insight

And: http://twitter.com/Prison_Health